tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83401153368438157852024-03-21T06:18:15.650-07:00La vieKavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-45789356527260540252012-07-01T22:35:00.000-07:002012-07-01T22:35:50.745-07:00You are..... The MIRROR My LOVE<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">You
are..... The MIRROR My LOVE</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
My Love,<br />
You are a mirror that gives<br />
the Perfect Reflection of me<br />
You perceive<br />
when there's a slight change<br />
in me<br />
I know, My Love,<br />
It is not the same image<br />
you depict every second<br />
It varies,<br />
as it is the law of nature<br />
Yet My Love,<br />
You are Pure and<br />
You Absorb me<br />
I see the Truth as you don't<br />
create false images<br />
Nor other illusory reflection can<br />
replace you<br />
And ... It is only you my love,<br />
You mirror the exact me<br />
with all my sentiments...<br />
And it is you that bind us<br />
always with better Understanding<br />
The Reflection you bestowed<br />
Is the Perfect Union of LOVE<br />
<br />
<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-65788659272057417662012-06-03T05:47:00.001-07:002012-06-03T05:47:23.595-07:00The image of Sri Lankan woman getting under assessed on account of unnecessary media propaganda.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The image of Sri Lankan woman getting under assessed on
account of unnecessary media propaganda. </div>
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Propaganda is a
creative campaign which deals with exaggeration true or false, basically to get
the attraction of people. Most of the time media become propagandists to
propagate different ideas, beliefs and pieces of information among people.
Propaganda campaign or advertising is a creative art with a target to market a
certain product or a service. This is basically profit oriented. To understand
propaganda campaign or advertising a propagandist should determine to whom they
advertise and with what purposes. Advertising is related to human behavior,
anthropology, sociology and human psychology. So to make successful these
attributes, most propaganda campaigns use the image of woman. </div>
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Advertising has
created a competitive society. Through these propaganda campaigns propagandists
expect to change the minds of the people and persuade them to buy their
products. Attractive advertisements, posters are created to make this change
and address the needs, wants and desires of the people. To highlight the
attractiveness the image of woman has become an indispensable figure. Than male
figures, there is often a high demand for females in the process of propaganda
campaigns. The outfits, beauty, figure and even the voice of a woman can easily
attract human psychology. In this materialistic commercialized society, most of
the propagandists use the image of woman as a marketing tactic.</div>
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One of the major
concerns in propaganda campaigns is to identify the target group to promote the
product or the service. Nowadays Sri Lankan as well as the foreign
propagandists use the image of woman to target whatever the group is,
irrespective of age or gender. The image of woman gets involved in various roles
such as mother, wife, sister, representation of youth, beauty and innocence. To
persuade people through propaganda it is essential to please the human senses
like sense of touch, smell, taste, sight and hear. </div>
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To please the
human senses in the maximum way, the propagandists are intended to promote the
image of woman. The problem is that this promotion of women’s image is done in
both good and bad ways. This situation similarly occurs in the sphere of
advertising all over the world. Even in a South Asian country like Sri Lanka,
where the woman is given a highly valuable and a sacred position. Naturally the
image of woman gets under assessed as a result of the media propaganda
campaigns in Sri Lanka. In most of the instances the image of woman is promoted
unnecessarily to market whatever the product is. In addition to the image of
woman, some relationships of women like ‘mother and daughter’ are also under
assessed in the process of marketing. In order to promote particular beauty
products, recently one of the media campaigns promoted the relationship between
‘mother and daughter’. Therefore women purposely or not get involved in such
campaigns. In same kind of propaganda campaigns the propagandists market the
female figure rather than promoting the product in order to attract the
audience by pleasing the sense of sight. Then unknowingly it becomes a huge
damage to the image of the woman. Due to that the prestigious highly valued
image of woman has corrupted and demeaned. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Media
propaganda can easily attract human conscience. But it is pathetic that the
image of woman has become a mere tool in the process of marketing and
advertising. As a responsible figure of the society, media should take the
responsibility of protecting the prestigious image of woman. It is the only
remaining source to rebuild the former sacred image of woman from its corrupted
state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-86576809656415026952012-02-07T05:56:00.000-08:002012-02-07T17:11:21.952-08:00www.scholarspark.com<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQbW45asXb-a85ysz6rOo0NOwZhuiKR23YE_qok_WIti0vDK2VIwcbqbtTTi7IIIz_XVGbwWbv0epoKjz639P88oUxWsJb00B7bulsMp3zRongoilf112GWdiVJUD1Co9cEHbYBp_05ta/s320/Photo0055.jpg" width="320" /></div><a href="http://www.scholarspark.com/">www.scholarspark.com</a><br />
Learn and Enjoy Literature <a href="http://www.scholarspark.com/" target="_blank">www.scholarspark.com</a>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-32048714335359283392012-01-21T22:04:00.000-08:002012-01-21T22:04:44.742-08:00Scholars' Park, An Educational web site for literati<a href="http://www.scholarspark.com/" target="_blank">Scholars' Park</a>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-8310871997740490532011-12-11T03:01:00.000-08:002011-12-11T03:01:29.326-08:00Romantic Period<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLLHJQZwga2g7C9ovXG98d1skbAuefiaaozxavS-vr-FrETk-4fzQtqqmq-Pr8A6S9-H5MxiJxJImrhPNjJQWff2mgg8O1Jc8g1SYIQ7uElAvaPHGUz3Pe6QOh2weXbCE8oGM3znJnk_ax/s1600/12881.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLLHJQZwga2g7C9ovXG98d1skbAuefiaaozxavS-vr-FrETk-4fzQtqqmq-Pr8A6S9-H5MxiJxJImrhPNjJQWff2mgg8O1Jc8g1SYIQ7uElAvaPHGUz3Pe6QOh2weXbCE8oGM3znJnk_ax/s320/12881.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Politically the Romantic period was characterized firstly by the American Revolution and the French revolution; both have trust of the liberation and freeing of the human beings and therefore the human spirits from efforts to control it or limit it. It was a period when imaginations free to roam unhindered, unlike in the preceding Augustan period when the imagination was limited by norms and habits and practices. There was a sense that expressed itself in both the subject matter and the language and structure of poetry stylized or formatted like Augustan poetry no were feelings controlled and restrained to what was considered acceptable. Emotion and feeling began to come into the language of literature in a much wider and deeper sense than it did for the Augustans. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The second feature of the Romantic period was the change in the social structure. In Britain the new system of industrial production brought about by the steam engine replaced the old crafts and the craftsmen, and most productions led to a shift of population of the countryside to new industrial town with conquest overcrowding scholar and degradation both in standard living and standard of morals. At the same time industry trade and commerce began to develop on a mass scale and assume importance in society. Hither to wealth had been measured in terms of precious matters. New technological development repeated this with industry trade and commerce. The emerging industrial society broke up the existing harmonious of structure of countries life into hostile groups of haves and have nots. Wordsworth wrote in 1817 “I see clearly that the principle ties which kept the different classes of the society in a vital and harmonious dependence upon each other have, within these thirty years, either being greatly in impaired or holly dissolved everything has to being put up to market and sold for the hired price it could buy.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The 18<sup>th</sup> century of Pope, Addison and Johnson had a self contained area of normalcy with a small range of interest and sentiments. Good sense and decency and social propriety were norms and the boundaries were conventional morality. Several areas of human experience and interest had been excluded most importantly the less controlled areas and extent of emotions. This is another way of saying that in Augustan literature: feelings were controlled within socially accepted norms. Contrasting ways of life, the fate of poor social classes, and the rural areas were not acceptable subjects for literature. No were the ranges of emotional experience as depicted in say, Jane Eyre.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The conflicts in the intellectual life of the Romantic period centered on the claim of the individual of defy on the canons and expectations of conventional society. The poets were moving away from the expectations and limitations of the conventional society to a far wider field that embraced every aspect of the human life including its ordinary day today experiences and every feeling and emotion of ordinary human beings. In the Augustan period and in Augustan poetry and emotions and feelings were not allowed free expressions but were contained within socially accepted norms and controlled within them. The romantic period broke through these circumstances and took the “spontaneous overflowing of powerful feeling” as an acceptable norm of poetic expression as well as a part of human existence. As Blake put it “men are admitted into Heaven not because they have curbed and governed their Passions or have no Passions, but because they have Cultivated their Understandings. The Treasures of Heaven are not Negations of Passions, but realities of Intellect, from which all Passions Emanate Uncurbed their Eternal Glory” [from “A vision of the Last Judgment”] <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The romantic period is then characterized by, on the one hand, social upheaval where the former established stable structure of rural society was destroyed by the industrial revolution, trade and commerce, and on the other, the Augustan control of emotions and their display within the boundaries of accepted social norms and confines was loosened and emotive expressions became an accepted norm of poetic and other literary forms of expressions, such as novels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-34517690037741940982011-10-24T01:30:00.000-07:002011-10-24T01:30:51.908-07:00French Essays<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Les droits de l’homme <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxCyYpGOZBb7GVdzEoNqweupGmzUOq_W7XHep8imYTrVkmRV9CJQsZ2lWtnqx5yc-sf_rML9ZLBS7Iu3qNEqSOnTpXysH2w9mXNYQyDAL4Tvl2osDb-I1WnBJrqleNDgoZWh8hDWYkGraE/s1600/les-droits-de-l-homme.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxCyYpGOZBb7GVdzEoNqweupGmzUOq_W7XHep8imYTrVkmRV9CJQsZ2lWtnqx5yc-sf_rML9ZLBS7Iu3qNEqSOnTpXysH2w9mXNYQyDAL4Tvl2osDb-I1WnBJrqleNDgoZWh8hDWYkGraE/s200/les-droits-de-l-homme.gif" width="145" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Tous les humains ont les droits. Les hommes, les femmes et les enfants ont les droits collectivement et individuellement par la vertu de leur naissance humaine. Il y a deux catégories de droits de l’homme. Ils sont les droits naturels et les droits civils. Comme les droits naturels le droits de vivre, d’exister, de soutenir la vie avec les nourritures, l’abri et les vêtements sont très importants. La liberté d’expression, de penser et le droit d’épouser et avoir une famille sont les autres droits naturels. Le droit de travailler, l’égalité de loi, la liberté d’associer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>et rassembler tranquillement et le droit de participer pour les élections sont les droits civils importants. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">L’ONU a adopté la déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme en 1948. Il y a beaucoup de gens qui lutter pour gagner leurs droits. Mais on doit souvenir qu’il y a une responsabilité derrière tous les droits. Ils sont comme les deux aspects de la même pièce. Par exemple on a le droit de parler. Mais on doit connaitre qu’on n’a pas le droit d’insulter les autres. On a le droit de vivre, mais on a aussi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>la responsabilité de vivre sans violence. Il doit être un équilibre parfait entre les droits et les responsabilités. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Aujourd’hui on peut voir les gens se battre pour les droits sans maintenir leurs responsabilités. Alors ce déséquilibre apport la violence. Les gens puissants essayent de détruire les droits d’autres. Les femmes et les enfants dans la société sont persécutes souvent de discrimination et de la violence des droits de l’homme. On doit connaitre que tout le monde a le droit de vivre en protégeant leurs droits, mais ils doivent aussi penser à leurs responsabilités.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Les journaux<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL1uuoF9mOVuiN_mT_dCZWhd-1iFOI6LLVpZQAZFFx-kY6pD0APX4oUxY2dmBN9fE4ax_KI0KNqr8yjWAPU5Rxfoic-gXJpdirvk8Xf9b9jJ6MDkK5MH_pdplK0lR4JCY8dJop2e_SfXPD/s1600/journal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL1uuoF9mOVuiN_mT_dCZWhd-1iFOI6LLVpZQAZFFx-kY6pD0APX4oUxY2dmBN9fE4ax_KI0KNqr8yjWAPU5Rxfoic-gXJpdirvk8Xf9b9jJ6MDkK5MH_pdplK0lR4JCY8dJop2e_SfXPD/s200/journal.jpg" width="196" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Dans le pays démocratique la liberté de presse joue un rôle dominant. D’abord on peut aviser les publicités, deuxièmement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beaucoup de rapports locaux et internationaux. On peut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diviser le journal en deux branches. Elles sont la rédaction et<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>le directorial. Maintenant la côte de directorial devient proéminente<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>et populaire. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">On peut savoir beaucoup de choses de journaux, parce qu’ils ont les nouvelles de sports, internationaux et locaux, d’art et du temps. Il y a beaucoup de gendres de journaux pour tout le monde. Il y a les journaux pour les enfants, les jeunes et les femmes et il y a aussi les journaux anglais, tamouls et cingalais dans notre pays. Quelques journaux ont les histoires très intéressantes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On peut s’amuser en les lisant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Mais le bon journal doit présenter les nouvelles réelles aux gens. Une bonne nouvelles guide la lecture et une mauvaise nouvelle trompe la lecteur. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Bacon a dit la lecture fait un homme complet. Donc on peut le développer avec les journaux. La lecture est une nourriture pour nos pensées. Mais nous devons choisir les bons articles qui conviennent à nous. De cette façon on peut développer nos pensées avec les journaux.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-84935053051064605282011-03-29T01:00:00.000-07:002011-03-29T01:00:09.125-07:00Mise-en-scene<style type="text/css">
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">“Mise-en-scene is a powerful method aimed at communicating of information ideas and feelings of a film.” Discuss this statement using three films selected from different genres as examples. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <i>Mise-en-scène</i> is a French term and originates in the theater. It means, literally, "put in things together in the scene." For film, it has a broader meaning, and refers to almost everything that goes into the composition of the shot, including the composition itself: framing, movement of the camera and characters, lighting, set design and general visual environment, acting and performances, costumes, make up and even sound as it helps elaborate the composition<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. </span>In brief mise-en- scene is the visual content of the film. And furthermore mise-en- scene can be different according to the film genre. It is because according to different genres the visual content of a film should be changed. If we take three films which belongs to totally different genres such as <b>Provoked</b> by <span style="font-size: x-small;">Jag Mundhra, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Troy</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> by </span>Wolfgang Petersen and <b>Shrek 2 </b>by <span style="font-size: x-small;">Andrew Adamson ,Kelly Asbury and<br />
Conrad Vernon.</span> We can see a clear difference of use of mise-en-scene of these films. And also these directors try to communicate with the audience by giving different information, ideas and feelings.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> If we take the film Provoked which was directed by<span style="font-size: x-small;"> Jag Mundhra, produced by Sunanda Murali Manohar and staring Aishwarya Rai, Gurpreet Dhami, Nandita Das</span>, and this film is based on a traumatic story and it goes under the genre of drama. The story is based on Kiranjit Ahluwalia’s autobiography; <i>Circle of Light</i>, so <b>Provoked</b> is a true story of both Kiranjit’s legal struggle and her personal struggle who humiliated by her husband’s abuse and afraid for her life and the lives of her children, Kiranjit finally finds freedom behind bars. And she finds strength through her new friends—her fellow inmates. With the help of her cellmate, Ronnie (Miranda Richardson), and a non-profit organization that aids battered women, Kiranjit begins to fight for a ground-breaking appeal.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> The story of the film builds around the Kiranjit’s character. She was a<span lang="en"> battered Punjabi homemaker and mother of two, living in Southall. The costumes and make up of her create as a real Panjabi woman and if talk more on the use of make up in the whole film it uses different ways of make ups according to the story of the film. For example when she was arrested after trying to murder we see most of her feelings through her dark make up, at her wedding we see a bright high make up and when she was living freely with her cell mates at the prison we see a light make up. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jCtVaIt8MCtKnXM3QkEx8ob8A_IXsvwEAV55a_kw8K50_RjyLoNazB2QnBBoM3FHgJu3-8VD03W5gSs2uQOHGyryQzUwDl1LBYTxuJ6DwOMYqevT8by0d4uztiDkDreJqkZWwW45SkyC/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jCtVaIt8MCtKnXM3QkEx8ob8A_IXsvwEAV55a_kw8K50_RjyLoNazB2QnBBoM3FHgJu3-8VD03W5gSs2uQOHGyryQzUwDl1LBYTxuJ6DwOMYqevT8by0d4uztiDkDreJqkZWwW45SkyC/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF4m7af5Wm_t_Im-6aGY7m1IzKPQItVtbi7En1PBBLGlGGRyauRTP8KrC7kaOFI_tzDHcTVZXCP6WbmOKRMWqz82N8tbhxgTecoOHU9aNWfzUi6sBBXmnzcw_VXfjjdkuWAGkZFE-ODj_a/s1600/jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF4m7af5Wm_t_Im-6aGY7m1IzKPQItVtbi7En1PBBLGlGGRyauRTP8KrC7kaOFI_tzDHcTVZXCP6WbmOKRMWqz82N8tbhxgTecoOHU9aNWfzUi6sBBXmnzcw_VXfjjdkuWAGkZFE-ODj_a/s1600/jpg.jpg" style="cursor: move;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXx9enRfvffLQgaxR7ZHs_Ibi6CuMm9lRg4B3c5DGzR76yVbXmZBXZbsqxGjwGcgmkP0LKpzXzMPWjdU4z4pYpWubGa6TCoMjeYhgmHdlkqZqrb-YhUuL7GlIv6EtXKJV4GFyO5EPcjIz/s1600/jpg+.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXx9enRfvffLQgaxR7ZHs_Ibi6CuMm9lRg4B3c5DGzR76yVbXmZBXZbsqxGjwGcgmkP0LKpzXzMPWjdU4z4pYpWubGa6TCoMjeYhgmHdlkqZqrb-YhUuL7GlIv6EtXKJV4GFyO5EPcjIz/s200/jpg+.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="en"> </span> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">If move to the acting and performances we can clearly see a very good acting of each character especially the main character. Aishwarya is one of the world famous actresses who can speak with her eyes and in this film also she does the same. The director makes us mostly see her feelings through extreme close ups of her eyes. For example soon after the incident of attempting murder, when the detective officer talks to her we see her inability of speaking and fear through an extreme close up of her eyes. And at the same time when she remembers her children also we see the pathetic situation through her eyes. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</style> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8mwy-CLS0T1BmuQnaRfsF6enHWi6tTxpbcpLi_u_FArpjT_p0QnIzRSqLeYteiMVpbyRXtesGH7347CcIWObSMV8e9x24yNqTjWQODI7A78wzyirdSKJN5aGoCJ2yVZNhGIIKrSc718jp/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8mwy-CLS0T1BmuQnaRfsF6enHWi6tTxpbcpLi_u_FArpjT_p0QnIzRSqLeYteiMVpbyRXtesGH7347CcIWObSMV8e9x24yNqTjWQODI7A78wzyirdSKJN5aGoCJ2yVZNhGIIKrSc718jp/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdfBFV5URF9dFOhzWoB9Q4mQR3sbX1A1MQe-i6OLBqc4jJog3-n0wLgEbamCZLuYpOcAuK592YksEpCCH-fXJZFhN9aYfKB7A3LNCX-jDetPLtDSMZDP2Ba_SX5i1JUYjDWwvN9iwTTHbJ/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdfBFV5URF9dFOhzWoB9Q4mQR3sbX1A1MQe-i6OLBqc4jJog3-n0wLgEbamCZLuYpOcAuK592YksEpCCH-fXJZFhN9aYfKB7A3LNCX-jDetPLtDSMZDP2Ba_SX5i1JUYjDWwvN9iwTTHbJ/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">And also through some close ups at some special moments such as when Kiran sees her children we see her emotions well. There the director step by step makes us see her emotions like how she was anxiously waiting till they come and her emotions after they come. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXx9enRfvffLQgaxR7ZHs_Ibi6CuMm9lRg4B3c5DGzR76yVbXmZBXZbsqxGjwGcgmkP0LKpzXzMPWjdU4z4pYpWubGa6TCoMjeYhgmHdlkqZqrb-YhUuL7GlIv6EtXKJV4GFyO5EPcjIz/s1600/jpg+.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglSsF3ly-gILU05OgKGVRF6U_8pCZPCbGW7yQ-sUr3-ONtogg0x_LDe5LyGq5NVPJJWKIJhxFzGgUHssIP3k_jZI6oY3zxFMV9Ob3k69FKNNIQtO_j9w00zL5GOpmSRZZPjFrN1QB-UQAU/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglSsF3ly-gILU05OgKGVRF6U_8pCZPCbGW7yQ-sUr3-ONtogg0x_LDe5LyGq5NVPJJWKIJhxFzGgUHssIP3k_jZI6oY3zxFMV9Ob3k69FKNNIQtO_j9w00zL5GOpmSRZZPjFrN1QB-UQAU/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><br />
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</style> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Other characters especially the cell mates acts well because the audience is able to see the sadness and sufferings through each and every cell mate. When we see those faces we feel that all those cell mates have something to say. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> The story runs with flashbacks and we get most of Kiran’s family life through the flashbacks and the director contrasts some shots for example Kiran’s husband’s funeral with her marriage. </div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBPgZNO_YUgua2ewn4tnf7L65SvPP2xtfdLHgXrfyJlq7DEJAYUZBZRKca7tXheivleb8Mfk5AVgxkTZt3CX8bvULCIMS2b6F6uL1ZpcNjjTQBmJebrv96F_IoIdV0b2m3A5KTA1RKyIK/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBPgZNO_YUgua2ewn4tnf7L65SvPP2xtfdLHgXrfyJlq7DEJAYUZBZRKca7tXheivleb8Mfk5AVgxkTZt3CX8bvULCIMS2b6F6uL1ZpcNjjTQBmJebrv96F_IoIdV0b2m3A5KTA1RKyIK/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk-VGo6z1Y8pyN1pTVX9AWcWEQn5V3QoZ2DFA6vnIFeQfUSF5LFzHA3Z9OtpJAEfgvgoHzOXpfGM8GNAgGdnASrwvMNVKAYtiWV1f4qRnBoECA-jSX3F1e6ox09PBUuq2LqPmLPrBPi8h6/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div><style type="text/css">
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</style> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Lighting also takes an important place. We see different ways of using lights through the whole film. Mostly the director keeps the darkness especially at the scenes of the prison. Sometimes he uses back light, key light and the fill light. Sometimes he uses only the key light.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTDK3v3ycShNn1DmPN3hj4fqnKM32vVTwLaJhDfUff6A77BkmdEMYAj5l8HmkmZAtAv0ZmgrAP4eA_moV0-Qv8HLP-cjnzoWAeFFN6RWJb7__8SbhDTLTgqPiBf-t7Xu5GXJWzTvtQZPX/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTDK3v3ycShNn1DmPN3hj4fqnKM32vVTwLaJhDfUff6A77BkmdEMYAj5l8HmkmZAtAv0ZmgrAP4eA_moV0-Qv8HLP-cjnzoWAeFFN6RWJb7__8SbhDTLTgqPiBf-t7Xu5GXJWzTvtQZPX/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">If think about the use of sound through the whole film we can’t say that the director uses much more sounds in the film. But at certain times for example when Kiran’s husband threatens her we hear a fearful sound and at there wedding ceremony we hear a traditional Indian music and also when Kiran is alone at the cell we hear a female vocal sound mix with sadness. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"> The director used different camera angles to show the story more effectively. There we can see his use of high angles, low angles, tilt and pan shots and also zooming, tracking and the use of bird’s eye. At the same time we see his use of different shot sizes such as long shots, close ups etc. In the film most of scenes are taken at the high court. And there we see those scenes are taken by pan shots and it makes us see the facial expressions and the feelings of the people who are present at the court. Mostly we see his use of medium close ups, close ups, big close ups and extreme close ups of the main character. </div><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">And some moments the director uses the technique of bird’s eye for example at the cell, at the court and at the end of the show.</div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7GY00XtRmU7rmTTGF7P4js7bcNxdBj7xbnY_Ysk-4GeYhO9uEFKWD392ny4rQitLDAciCXlV1EQSdQl2ZCUcG6f39etwrnTQ_5_lg-HZ_xDnGyJd2Lj0x7rE4-JcakIwcpQux4xPyY8DJ/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7GY00XtRmU7rmTTGF7P4js7bcNxdBj7xbnY_Ysk-4GeYhO9uEFKWD392ny4rQitLDAciCXlV1EQSdQl2ZCUcG6f39etwrnTQ_5_lg-HZ_xDnGyJd2Lj0x7rE4-JcakIwcpQux4xPyY8DJ/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvuRsDdZKngv_NsNr3JLQWwbEgxXVc_ndyQf9q9uxwPCaOUBmwNB27qNI24LGay5BNvml71FyNVztOXfPxBM8fV91Mkz125SZyqxYQ9DsXaI-O95KQiZnAJnQz8P7TEK5iYcdU-dZiMWIo/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvuRsDdZKngv_NsNr3JLQWwbEgxXVc_ndyQf9q9uxwPCaOUBmwNB27qNI24LGay5BNvml71FyNVztOXfPxBM8fV91Mkz125SZyqxYQ9DsXaI-O95KQiZnAJnQz8P7TEK5iYcdU-dZiMWIo/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">High angles and low angles are used at the court. <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Though the director uses some different angles we cannot see most of angles in this type of genre, because these films build around in a one main character and the director gives the priority to the main character so mostly we see his use of different close ups of the protagonist which shows her feelings and attitudes. The story ends with a medium close up of the protagonist.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi27zkCRzHpe4FMWFtk5O9OMVC7pMF68I5_XiDx2v9gaPLSbPtM8aRbFecV460awfqeLUDhot7wUwVaerTj3DsX5CjNe6j_sTX3KxH5ZhQJ2I3HSTbp4JOIjBF9NiSToIA7b3KQCG0QhoAQ/s1600/jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>The film <b>Troy </b>is totally<b> </b>different from the film above. It is an historical film and goes under the category of epic. The film starts by saying “Greece, 3500 years ago.” So from there we get all the information according to that. The film <b>Troy </b>is directed by Wolfgang Petersen, produced by Wolfgang Petersen, Diana Rathbun, Colin Wilson and Plan B and starring Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, Orlando Bloom, Brian Cox, Sean Bean, Peter O'Toole and Diane Kruger.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">This film is concerning the Trojan War though sometimes it diverged from the myth. The story is an attempt to rebuild the past and gain some information on the past to the present generation. In brief the story flows like, <span style="color: black;">Paris steals Helen away from Spartan prince Menelaus, who in turn successfully convinces his conquest-mad emperor brother Agamemnon to wage war against Troy with the help of his peerless soldier Achilles and, ultimately, a trusty wooden horse. The story deals with the themes of Love, Death, Honor, Sacrifice, and the Gods.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"> As the film is an epic it should bring us totally different images from the present. So the mise-en -scene of the film is mainly different from the costumes, backgrounds, make up and as this film has many fights the camera angles also different from the other films. </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">The costumes of the female characters are designed according to the time and male character especially the costumes of warriors and the costumes that they wear when they are free, are designed well. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagwzaLKqPOv4xxj2taNfzrZVze8bti6QYR1TWK2xgzdYnvblxlvUy_lNdlDi6ygVPCpKY8xYFdVdROc7wrtsQX0i7jNpgxlVTa-T8HUqAXsdcX8clE_IUKQ7N2fw65A3WUAGOHe90Ijxk/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagwzaLKqPOv4xxj2taNfzrZVze8bti6QYR1TWK2xgzdYnvblxlvUy_lNdlDi6ygVPCpKY8xYFdVdROc7wrtsQX0i7jNpgxlVTa-T8HUqAXsdcX8clE_IUKQ7N2fw65A3WUAGOHe90Ijxk/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu-DdakqmMuItWgE0fQjsSkikYmgNYZUJmQ4k6Q9pjNYSeo84AHnVau7z0LzR7d4O1TO2xIoWVmJrHrImdWizQx7_f7MY6t37WofdHMTYApyyVX056yqKXs6rBDTjyyIjnlORPKruvaKvx/s1600/jpg.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu-DdakqmMuItWgE0fQjsSkikYmgNYZUJmQ4k6Q9pjNYSeo84AHnVau7z0LzR7d4O1TO2xIoWVmJrHrImdWizQx7_f7MY6t37WofdHMTYApyyVX056yqKXs6rBDTjyyIjnlORPKruvaKvx/s200/jpg.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="color: black;"> </span> </div> <br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">And also we see the use of different equipments which are used for war during that time, and for travel also they used horse, carts and boats. The use of make up also good, especially when the warriors after the war we see their tiredness, fear and power through the make up. And the wounds and blood shed we see through the make up.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> Acting and performances of the film also good the director creates number of good fights through the whole film. We mainly see a good acting and fighting skills of the characters such as Hector and <span style="color: black;">Achilles and we see good facial expressions when they fight.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The theme of love played by <span style="color: black;">Achilles and Briseis, the director make us see their emotion and love through the eye contacts.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black;">Use of light takes an important place in the film. All the night scenes cover the candle light and fire. The castles at Troy and Sparta lighted with the fire light. Some fights are doing at night so light and darkness mixed well. The lights used finely at the tents. For example most of the times when Achilles at his tent we see only the use of back light and some times back light only with a key ligh.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKcExVDE5677JdYqShIj1fJ6pgiTbvSwKBtuB6ODjJext5guebFBcaE6HloH6aUUMoFU044rOG5v5awvOpQUoPb8iYkClHq3f0LpXi7uwDh6J66BjyXOtLIn2KdHh6TDyUbQu8sIPV1Zl/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKcExVDE5677JdYqShIj1fJ6pgiTbvSwKBtuB6ODjJext5guebFBcaE6HloH6aUUMoFU044rOG5v5awvOpQUoPb8iYkClHq3f0LpXi7uwDh6J66BjyXOtLIn2KdHh6TDyUbQu8sIPV1Zl/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">The passing of the time shows through fine images of rising sun and moon. <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sound plays an important part in the film. At the exciting moments especially at the fights we hear the use of music instruments but through the whole film we hear a mournful female vocal sound which makes us feel the meaninglessness of war and destruction. When the Greek army defeats we hear that mournful female solo and also at Hector’s death the wailing mournful female vocals again. And at the end of the film "Remember Me", a pop song sung by Josh Groban with Tanja Tzarovska, uses the love theme from the film as its base, and yet still comes across as slightly overdone and saccharine. Not only these but the sounds at the war front and marching to the war also more effective.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">When talk on the camera angles comparing with the film above we can see the director mainly uses deep focus scenes which gives wider information. The film starts with a deep focus scene.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Most of the times when the fights starts we see the use of deep focus scenes which shows how the two battles come from two directions to the war front.</div><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">And also the kingdom of Troy and Sparta show with deep focus scenes.</div><br />
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Other than the deep focus scenes we see high and low angle, tilt and pan shots, bird’s eye and zooming shots, and different shot sizes like medium close ups, close ups, big close ups etc. for example when Hector comes to fight with Achilles we see a zooming shot.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> The film ends giving more information of the past and it makes the audience have a certain idea of the past.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Next film <b>Shrek 2 </b>directed<b> </b>by Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury and Conrad Vernon, this is an animated film. Though this is an animated film this has some features of an adventure films as well as some comical aspect. In brief the plot of the film flows like this, <span lang="en">Shrek, Fiona and Donkey set off to attend the ball.During the meal, Fiona's father Harold gets involved in an argument with Shrek, which ends with Shrek telling Fiona that they are leaving Far Far Away. Shrek agrees to the expedition in an attempt to bond with Fiona's parents.Shrek, Puss and Donkey use the card to travel to her Potion Factory. Back in the woods, Shrek and Donkey drink the potion, , Shrek and Donkey faint. Shrek is a handsome human while Donkey is a noble white stallion. On returning to Far Far Away, Fairy Godmother tricks Shrek into thinking that Fiona loves Charming, while Fiona is led to believe that Charming is actually Shrek himself, in human form. Shrek and Donkey charge into the ballroom and the fairy tale creatures begin to fight Fairy Godmother. Fiona realizes it's not Shrek she's dancing with. Shrek and Fiona are about to kiss, but Fiona tells Shrek she wants to live happily ever after, with the ogre she married. Shrek, Fiona and Donkey return to their true forms.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="en"> The film has some fairytale features, fairytales </span>were invented during a time when people believed in things such as witches, ogres, giants and trolls, because some scenes are like imagined scenes and not matching with the real life. For example when Shrek, donkey and Fiona travels to the kingdom of Far far away they used an onion-shaped carriage which is quite similar to the carriage of Cinderella.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZbel_hNto_lQlraHrR-nWAdOOV9O6cCzIdsqkK5rzp2es_n6xLRBNQU0KeRdpbaZb6KjV3NaITGWaTqViMmeUbElYLM9JayohWpUOLiyrD3vaYgWxJVRWauqwS1QzrNzyxAlCCWOoAaVP/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZbel_hNto_lQlraHrR-nWAdOOV9O6cCzIdsqkK5rzp2es_n6xLRBNQU0KeRdpbaZb6KjV3NaITGWaTqViMmeUbElYLM9JayohWpUOLiyrD3vaYgWxJVRWauqwS1QzrNzyxAlCCWOoAaVP/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">And also the animal characters and we see some characters like puss in boots and Pinokio that we have seen in some other fairytales. When we see the Beginning of the film, it opens with a book containing a fairy story, making us think that is what we are about to experience. The camera angle and the music in the action and almost the background is old identical to Sleeping fashioned, classical and beauty. We assume the film will be the same. Furthermore it starts with saying that “once upon a time” and these things make us feel it is a typical fairytale. But suddenly we see the book at the first scene is torn up by a dirty great big GREEN hand. So the viewer starts to think this might NOT be such a traditional story. Then the music changes abruptly to modern music an ugly green ogre appears from an outhouse. So the hero of the film is not a handsome smart prince but an ugly ogre. The director makes us see the facial expressions and feelings of the ogre in different close ups.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"> Furthermore through acting we see Shrek’s character as a pretty civilized, doing daily cleansing rituals, so this makes him appear like a human being. Through different shots and different camera angles we see the main character Shrek as a brave, kind and at the same time as a funny character. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> From the beginning of the film we see the theme of love through a big close up of a ring and through a nice medium close up of the couple. </div><div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">When both Shrek couple and the king and queen were at the dinning table we see a track shot of Shrek. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <style type="text/css">
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</style> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">And also we see the use of deep focus scenes. For example when the Shrek couple goes to the kingdom and all those scenes’ backgrounds covered with a nice environment and also through their journey we see the climatic changes.</div><style type="text/css">
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</style> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Using lights also does not have a difference with other films because here also the director uses sometimes only key light and sometimes only the key light and the back light.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidUSzWPY5dI2wjJcKkKeBvFuBp7l_Bipj7QdH1fmD1_3iCanofTfHfuMHLnXZLzg9_lkDb_qd1DJfWIThcy_2c8gEGVurE3S-tPdwiZ7dMst1NLXI1teDGSbRnrSuz9fRXE9t9L-0h7tjB/s1600/jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidUSzWPY5dI2wjJcKkKeBvFuBp7l_Bipj7QdH1fmD1_3iCanofTfHfuMHLnXZLzg9_lkDb_qd1DJfWIThcy_2c8gEGVurE3S-tPdwiZ7dMst1NLXI1teDGSbRnrSuz9fRXE9t9L-0h7tjB/s200/jpg.png" width="200" /></a></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">We don’t see a clear difference of Fiona’s costumes when she plays as an ogre and as princes. It may be to make us do not feel any difference between the ogre and the royals.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Music also plays according to the scenes and most of the time it gives a joyful music with songs.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The film ends with giving a moral to the audience. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</style> </div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-88249306881534447192010-12-21T22:29:00.000-08:002010-12-21T22:29:54.030-08:00There is no hope of doing perfect research (Griffith, 1998, p97)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">There is no hope of doing perfect research (Griffith, 1998, p97). Do <br />
you agree? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzioXwEwSZ3Yh3QS-nsCtfG6qa3j7LWekAhyphenhyphenLzcm5DaWGAC6cMEeVFHUZV4QUeGzT76NZEdrDoKi5b-cXOsZOZoRQA7ndVT7nbs30MJeK_36hOxWg-Vf5ELd_hyphenhyphentoS9dRmNxlv556B1F3W/s1600/%252B%252B%252B%252B.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzioXwEwSZ3Yh3QS-nsCtfG6qa3j7LWekAhyphenhyphenLzcm5DaWGAC6cMEeVFHUZV4QUeGzT76NZEdrDoKi5b-cXOsZOZoRQA7ndVT7nbs30MJeK_36hOxWg-Vf5ELd_hyphenhyphentoS9dRmNxlv556B1F3W/s320/%252B%252B%252B%252B.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">Doing a research simply means searching for knowledge, or a way of discovering or developing something or a method that will lead and join people with the advanced world. Research has a very open extent that it includes different areas such as science, life styles, arts, politics, history etc. Different people in different parts of the world can claim completely opposite results on the topic because of the varying examined data or contradictory environment they have. As we are constantly learning more and more one can disagree with the above topic. There are so many things that we couldn’t even begin to imagine and we don’t even aware on that. However through researches we learn and get benefited. But the thing is in this changing world any research won’t be perfect. It will always be better than the previous one. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">One can argue about it in different ways. For example on one hand the inventions at the past were perfect in terms that we actually used them and benefited from them for so many decades on the other hand those inventions are not perfect because it didn’t actually fulfill all the necessities of humans. Therefore the perfection of invention or research is not the matter, but the endless necessities that human beings have. These endless necessities make the humans do more researches and as a result of that humans always try to find new inventions. As we live in a world where globalization highly exists, people in one part of the world easily have inter- connections with people in another part of the world. So they often exchange ideas and everyday they learn something new that can enhance their knowledge. Then researches only become a continuous process which involves strenuous human power and money. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">Innovation is a multi-stage process whereby organizations transform ideas into new/improved products, service or processes, in order to advance, compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace. [Baregheh, 2009, pg 48]<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span> </span>It is true the fact that people need to invent different things to fulfill their needs and wants. They always need to boost up their knowledge most of the time for the mean of satisfaction. Subsequently they search and search till they find the best thing but end up with finding a better thing because humans won’t content with what they have and they always believe the fact that there is something ahead better than the things they have. In addition to that the process of inventing something they pay attention for the quality, durability, simplicity and value. This enhances with the competitiveness. Therefore after inventing something they intend to find another alternative that can be more qualitative, more durable and simpler. That is the true nature of invention and that is how an invention or a research becomes a multi-stage process. Moreover that is why humans give birth to various products with considerable changes than the first product. It is clearly evident with the inventions such as abacus, calculator, computer [desktop], laptops, palmtops etc. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">Although research results may appear promising, nevertheless, their reliability or validity has always been threatened with the presence of errors and biases in the study. [Mehra, 2002, pg125]</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;"><span> </span>The word perfect means ideal or complete without any fault or weakness in other words it can mean that 100% correct. But for a research or an invention it is difficult to apply the word perfect as it won’t be 100% correct. Therefore it is correct to agree with the statement of having 'no hope in doing perfect research'. But reach to perfection becomes the aim of doing a research. By nature human beings are imperfect. They always struggle to survive. They don’t think deep before doing anything. So naturally or may be due to unavoidable circumstances they made mistakes. So imperfect human beings never end up a task with a perfect result, but they can end up their tasks by achieving a successful better result.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">The fact that the perfection of research is impossible can be seen in some researches that I have been practically involved while I was doing my degree (Bachelor of Arts). One was the research that I have done on the topic of ‘English pronunciation skills among Sri Lankan school children’. It was a broad topic to gather factors. First of all I selected fifteen schools in Sri Lanka and that included six schools in rural areas, five in town areas, two international schools in town areas and two from suburb areas. But I was not sure whether my hypothesis was correct. The process of researching rotates around something called as Trial and Error. Results may vary according to the different strategies that different researches use and there researchers play a main role. Next at the end of my research I came to a conclusion. But it depends on the strategies I used because another one can follow a totally different hypothesis than mine. Then the result too would be differing. And at the same time no one aware about the best hypothesis, because it depends on the knowledge that different people have.<span> </span>Therefore the process we called research we need to face mistakes, faults and misinterpretations as well as misunderstanding. In consequence to that we have to agree with the fact that a perfect research is impossible. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">Another example can be given through a research that I have done on the topic of ‘Globalization Media and Cultural Identity; with reference to Sri Lankan experience. There I had to continue my research on what is globalization, how it relates with media and how can it affects to the cultural identity of our country. For that I had to gather factors in different spheres like various life styles of the people, politics in the country, modern technologies that are using in the country and also about famous media in the country, because it is through media we get familiar with the concept of globalization. Then I </span>interviewed number<span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;"> of people who belong to different age groups, </span>different social background and different nationalities. And I classified what they said according to their age. Under that I categorized them into three groups like youths age between, 15-30, middle age, 30-50 and age more than 50.<span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;"> But at the end of my research I couldn’t reach to a perfect conclusion as my topic was an updating one. Globalization changes our lives every day. And also the people too, as they often change their ideas. People who represent the younger generation now represent the older generation in future. Though we come to a conclusion regarding the topic it won’t applicable to future and it won’t be a perfect ideal research.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">In this regard, it can be seen that there is no hope in doing a perfect research<span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">. There are always certain motives and agendas behind all types of research.</span><span> </span>[Vangelisti, 1999]<span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;"> There can have both advantageous and disadvantageous. Some do it for money, some for humanitarian reasons. Some even do it for the destruction of humanity. There is always room for improvement, and research is an ongoing process. It is</span><span> </span>limited by time, resources and tools available for research.<span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;"> Sometimes cultural restrictions, social acceptance or certain biases affect the firmness of research.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>References</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Baregheh et al. <u><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">Community-Based Research</span></u><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; position: relative; top: 0pt;">: A Documentary History. Macmillan and co; limited (2009). </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Mehra, B. <u>Bias in qualitative research</u>: Voices from an online classroom. The Cyprus review, Cyprus.(2002).</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Vangelisti A,. <u>Teaching Communication: Theory, Research, and Methods.</u> Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-59368822870738858512010-11-21T20:33:00.000-08:002010-11-22T19:32:49.989-08:00Sri Lankan Foreign Policy.<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Sri Lankan Foreign Policy.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizVFfkdqfOIUhl3QyNNJ8hSmkcKHdXWMM4immlRc4L-qQIfXr0bR-k4gtRQT6yj2Cg_H2c2PoadQ5nGD4ejMBeWdRWtgweC8pKUP4YIx2rm_8dLDOqGNa5ThG0DhiuASfsT8QN31kF3dcn/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizVFfkdqfOIUhl3QyNNJ8hSmkcKHdXWMM4immlRc4L-qQIfXr0bR-k4gtRQT6yj2Cg_H2c2PoadQ5nGD4ejMBeWdRWtgweC8pKUP4YIx2rm_8dLDOqGNa5ThG0DhiuASfsT8QN31kF3dcn/s320/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"> From my point of view the foreign policy of a country could changed, if not radically or materially, at least in nuance. At different times Sri Lankan’s foreign policy has shown changes in nuance. As a country whose geographical location has a high strategic importance, Sri Lanka has had to be doubly cautious about her foreign policy stand to prevent the attraction on undue force/power from countries’ whose political economic and military might are fine excess of Sri Lanka’s.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">When Sri Lanka was a British colony its foreign policy was determined by them. After independence the main intention of our leaders’ was to protect the newly won freedom and sovereignty of the country. I think that soon after the independence Sri Lanka had a pro-western nuance to her foreign policy with many connections with Britain. D.S. Senanayaka the first prime minister of Sri Lanka [then Ceylon] had security agreements with Britain. [a NATO country] to protect Sri Lankan’s freedom. He also kept Sri Lanka a dominion within the Commonwealth instead of making it a republic like India and Pakistan did. During the period 1948-56 Sri Lanka had leaders like D.S. Senanayaka, Dudley Senanayaka and Sir John Kotalawala and all their foreign policies had a pro-western nuance. The beginnings of change however were beginning to appear they did in the Bandung conference – this in spite of the Sir John Kotalawala – Chou En Lai clashed. S.W.R.D.Bandaranayaka who became prime minister in 1956 fell back strongly on the Bandung principles of peaceful coexistence. He also reclaimed the British bases at Katunayaka and Trincomalee and set Sri Lanka on its path towards Non Aligned Movement. He became totally committed to Non Aligned during the period of the premiership of Mrs. Bandaranayaka when Sri Lanka became one of the founder members of the Non Aligned Movement. Sri Lanka has since then followed the path of Non Aligned in spite of the occasional glitch like our voting with Britain on the Malvinas/ Falkland island issue and our abstention on the West Iranian issue.</div></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-17091027310588781052010-11-19T03:00:00.000-08:002010-11-19T03:17:08.451-08:00Short Story - UNREQUITED LOVE<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"><span style="height: 937px; left: -111px; position: absolute; top: -975px; width: 777px;"><img height="937" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Student/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1032 _x0000_s1033 _x0000_s1034 _x0000_s1035 _x0000_s1036 _x0000_s1037 _x0000_s1038 _x0000_s1039 _x0000_s1040 _x0000_s1041 _x0000_s1042 _x0000_s1043" width="777" /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;">UNREQUITED LOVE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6ZEhUodiyqzlDqo805gm0S_ZyTrSZYPXarx9-xBC-TsddLMA9tKyhyZY6IxiYohA2A-Yu4xplpcjy7jxnrXFBstcZP_-D5n6VO5y4yGor81wi4Z5lSirWmPIaUMqT5XrUb3UuTdsAzmGr/s320/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> The clock had stopped. I couldn’t wake up at the time that I had hoped to wake up. I felt that day would be an important day in my life; that there would be a change in my life. New hopes began to bloom in my heart as I prepared to go. I promised my friend Mahesh who was a psychiatrist at the Colombo General hospital that I would meet him. I went quickly to the bus halt. The bus was a little late that day. When it arrived I got in and sat down. My mind was filled with what had happened and what I was going to do that day. As my mind went over the past I felt I had been; too precipitate. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> Mahesh and I were very close friends. He had a friend called Kasun. One day I invited Mahesh to our dance concert. He came with his friend. He introduced his friend to me. My first impression of his friend was a bad one. I didn’t know why. Perhaps I felt that way because of the manner in which he looked at me. While the concert was on I felt that he was paying more attention to me than to the other dancers. After the concert I had no time to talk with my friends and I went quickly to my vehicle. I saw Mahesh’s friend running after me, but I didn’t pay any attention. Two days later I got a call from Mahesh. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Hello Rangana, are you busy now?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“No why?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“I have something special to talk over with you. Do you remember my friend Kasun?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Ah the one who came to my concert?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Yes he told me that he wanted to speak with you. I feel that he has an interest in you, because after the concert he talks only about you.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“What a fool! Mahesh don’t be angry with me. I don’t like your friend. When he looked at me on that day I felt that he had not seen a girl before.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“I gave him your phone number.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Oh! What have you done?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> After that day I got a phone call everyday from Kasun. I got upset and confused. Sometimes I didn’t answer him. Mahesh also phoned me and tried to convince me that Kasun was a good man and tried to persuade me, not to rebuff him. But the unending telephone calls only increased my dislike of Kasun. I even began to move away from Mahesh because of this persistence. I didn’t get any phone call from them for three months. Then I began to feel sorry for Kasun. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Why did he persue me in this way?” <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">I looked into myself. I began to blame myself. I had been too harsh. I had a hard heart. I was an artist and normally an artist has a sensitive heart. My feelings began to change. I decided to talk with Kasun. But I couldn’t do it directly. So I phoned Mahesh and told him that I wanted to meet him. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">* * *<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">The bus stopped at the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Colombo</st1:place></st1:city> hpspital. I went to Mahesh’s room. He was reading a diary and didn’t pay any attention to me. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Mahesh I want to talk with you.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Yes of cause.” He replied in a formal voice. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“I have been thinking things over. I think that I have been too harsh on Kasun. He has not phoned me for a longtime. I like to talk with him. I don’t know why I brushed him off like I did.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> Mahesh gave me the diary which he was reading and said that I could get to know more about Kasun from it. I began to read. This is what he had written in it. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> “I went to watch a concert with my friend Mahesh. He had got an invitation from one of his friends for that concert. He introduced me for his friend who was a dancer. “What a pretty girl.” She was really beautiful. She attracted me at once. I wanted to speak more with her. So, at the end of the concert I ran to meet her. She ran away to her vehicle. I saw that one of her anklets had fallen on the road. I picked it up and followed her. But the car drove off and she did not even look at me. I asked more about her from Mahesh. He gave me her phone number. I tried to phone her, she did not respond. I do not know why. I phoned her continously. She still didn’t respond. But I loved her. I began to keep her anklet always with me and it was like a chalice to me. When I was going to work I kept it in my pocket and thought that she was with me. When I was eating in a restaurent I kept it on the table and thought that she was eating with me. Even when I was going to sleep I kept it next to my pillow. I was madly in love with her.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> “Love will withstand cruelty and persist even in death, but it will within under indifference. Pitty will not replace it.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> This is what he had written in his diary. Tears came into my eyes. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Mahesh, please tell me where is your friend? I want to talk with him and tell him that he has won my love.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“If you like to see him I can take you. He is in here.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Is he working here?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">“Let’s go.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Calibri;">I went with him. He took me into an isolated room led to an iron cell. Then he pointed to the cell and told me that there was the man who was madly in love with me. I looked at it. I saw him with a black beard which fully covered his face. I went near him and saw that he was keeping my anklet in his hand. He looked at me. Mahesh began to talk. He told me that I was too late. He has lost his proper senses as a result of meaningless love. So, they were going to trasfer him to the asylum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-80842980077287312232010-11-19T02:01:00.000-08:002010-11-19T04:13:07.160-08:00Religion in the Modern World<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieyS1VIXK_NUTLrutki8YoiZfsVnaxKhCB-sOGlgZNPezXzUp49GDe8TFuKxRgqVzq5ar_YCLvBZ1-Rgp0NzoN7qAEvdX0KTsH4OgDn9Fhj1TRJ8aBjhXqy3JhKSbJoCJXc0uVrH5Gy7SG/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieyS1VIXK_NUTLrutki8YoiZfsVnaxKhCB-sOGlgZNPezXzUp49GDe8TFuKxRgqVzq5ar_YCLvBZ1-Rgp0NzoN7qAEvdX0KTsH4OgDn9Fhj1TRJ8aBjhXqy3JhKSbJoCJXc0uVrH5Gy7SG/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" /></a></div><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><shapetype adj="10800" coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t136" o:spt="136" path="m@7,l@8,m@5,21600l@6,21600e"><formulas><f eqn="sum #0 0 10800"></f><f eqn="prod #0 2 1"></f><f eqn="sum 21600 0 @1"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @2"></f><f eqn="sum 21600 0 @3"></f><f eqn="if @0 @3 0"></f><f eqn="if @0 21600 @1"></f><f eqn="if @0 0 @2"></f><f eqn="if @0 @4 21600"></f><f eqn="mid @5 @6"></f><f eqn="mid @8 @5"></f><f eqn="mid @7 @8"></f><f eqn="mid @6 @7"></f><f eqn="sum @6 0 @5"></f></formulas><path o:connectangles="270,180,90,0" o:connectlocs="@9,0;@10,10800;@11,21600;@12,10800" o:connecttype="custom" textpathok="t"></path><textpath fitshape="t" on="t"></textpath><handles><h position="#0,bottomRight" xrange="6629,14971"></h></handles><lock shapetype="t" text="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape fillcolor="#960" id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 17.25pt; width: 246pt;" type="#_x0000_t136"><fill o:title="Cork" rotate="t" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" type="tile"></fill><shadow color="#868686"></shadow><textpath fitpath="t" string="RELIGION IN THE MODERN WORLD." style="font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 12pt;" trim="t"></textpath></shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Religion in the modern world has two conflicting aspects, one the growth of science and technology which appears to marginalize religion, and the other, the spread of religion both in its original and fundamental aspects. Religion may be considered basically a belief in the existence of a Creator by whom everything that exists, seen and unseen, was created, and who is in final control of his creation. There are however various other forms of religious beliefs that exist in the world-polytheism, spirit worship and ancestor worship, to name a few. Religion in its various forms exists all over the world and has played, and continues to play a part in human life. In all cultures human beings accept and believe in a spiritual dimension to life, which is as real as the material dimension of science, and has an existence beyond it.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Religion and science were originally not considered conflicting. Religion in the modern world however, has undergone a change in attitude towards it. In the 13<sup>th</sup> century religion was regarded as a science. Thomas Aquainas argued that this was so. He posited that while some sciences dealt with what can be known by the light of natural reason, there was another science which dealt with things so far as they are known by the light of divine revelation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">“We must bear in mind that there are two kinds of sciences. There are some which proceed from principles known by the natural light of the intellect, such as arithmetic and geometry and the like. There are also some which proceed from principles known by the light of a higher science: thus the science of optics proceeds from principles established by geometry, and music from principles established by arithmetic. So it is that sacred doctrine is a science because it proceeds from principles known by the light of a higher science, namely, the science of God and the blessed. Hence, just as music accepts on authority the principles taught by the arithmetician, so sacred doctrine accepts the principles related by God.”[Anton 07]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> However with the growth of materialism as evidenced in the development of industry, commerce and technology, religion was pushed into the background and the type of science that proceeded “from principles known by the natural light of the intellect” [Anton 07] emerged as predominant. This was the time of the Industrial Revolution, which was one of the most important changes in the history of humanity, altering patterns of life and thought. It meant a shift from an agrarian, handicraft and labor- intensive economy to one dominated by the machine, the factory system, division of labor, a freer flow of capital and the growth of cities.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> The Industrial Revolution brought changes in the social structure. In <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Britain</place></country-region> the new system of industrial production brought about by the steam engine replaced the old crafts and the craftsmen, and industrial production made people shift from the countryside to new industrial towns with consequent overcrowding squalor and degradation both in standards of living and standards of morals. At the same time industry, trade and commerce began to develop on a marked scale. The new emerging industrial society broke up the existing harmonious structure of country life into hostile groups of haves and have nots. Wordsworth wrote in 1817, “I see clearly that the principal ties which kept the different classes of the society in a vital and harmonious dependence upon each other have, within these thirty years, either being greatly impaired or wholly dissolved. Everything has been put up to market and sold for the highest price it could buy.” [Ford, volume 5, p.15] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Together with the old social order, religion too became subordinated to the new forces of trade, commerce and industry, and it gradually began to lose ground. Not only Wordsworth, Mathew Arnold in “<place w:st="on"><placename w:st="on">Dover</placename> <placetype w:st="on">Beach</placetype></place>” spoke of “the sea of faith</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Retreating, to the breath</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">Of the night wind, down the vast edges drear</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> And naked shingles of the world”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">In the late 19<sup>th</sup> century thinkers like Karl Marx, Darwin, Carlyle and Frazer further questioned religious beliefs Karl Marx rejected religion, <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Darwin</place></city>’s theory of evolution was taken as opposing the biblical theory of creation and Frazer saw Christianity as a religion whose beliefs were no different from other religions which has existed before. “Taken altogether, the coincidences of Christian with the heathen festivals are too close and too numerous to be accidental. They mark the compromise which the church in the hour of its triumph was compelled to make with its vanquished yet still dangerous rivals” [Frazer, (369)]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Carlyle said in “Signs of Times” (1829), “Were we required to characterize this age of ours by any single epithet, we should be tempted to call it, not an Heriocal, Devotional, Philosophical, or Moral Age, but above all others, the Mechanical Age… Not the external and physical alone is now managed by machinery, but the spiritual also” [Ford, volume 6, p.19]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> In the 20<sup>th</sup> century Science has led to an explosion of technology covering every aspect of human life such as material comfort, medicine, travel, exploration of space and lifestyles. The impact of this explosion of technology on material comfort and lifestyles made a change in human lives. New material comforts provide numerous facilities for humans. Proliferation of all sorts of consumer goods including electrical and electronic goods allows people to have a comfortable life. There are numerous goods and appliances which can help humans in their day- to-day lives. These things make people enjoy their lives in material comfort. For example a man can watch everything that happens around the world with television or download it on the internet and these things also provide entertainment.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Another achievement of this explosion of technology is the development of medicine which made revolutionary advances. By the end of 20<sup>th</sup> century medical advance helped to increase the average person’s life expectancy by almost thirty years. As people lived longer, new medical challenges emerged. Heart disease, cancer, strokes and other conditions often associated with aging replaced infectious diseases as the leading causes of death. Physicians began to pay greater attention to preventing diseases and keeping patients healthy into an advanced age. Physicians were successful in conquering infectious through improved sanitation and use of antibiotics and vaccines. Furthermore doctors found new methods of curing people such as surgery, radiology, scans, psychoanalysis and electroconvulsive therapy. So technology gave modern man a longer life to enjoy the material comforts it provided. [Encarta 2004] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Another achievement of technology is the development of travel. The development of travel provided transportation services like airlines, bus companies, railroads, taxis which transport people swiftly from place to place. Furthermore the development of travel has led to space exploration which helps to discover the nature of the universe beyond earth. Science and technology has brought the universe closer to human life. All those modern achievements of technology make for a comfortable life style. The material comfort and the extension of human life which enables longer enjoyment of these comforts has made people feel that religion is redundant and that it is a historical phenomenon that has been replaced by science and technology. Secularism has been gaining ground. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Western writers questioning the validity of religion dealt with Christianity because that was the religion in the west. However their concern was not with Christianity perse, but with belief that went beyond the material world of science and technology. The technological explosion affected western as well as Asian and African societies, and led to the marginalization of their religions too by the material wealth and lifestyles that technology provided. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Paradoxically, the very technological advancement that has tended to marginalize religion has led to its expansion. The facilities of travel and communication through television, radio and internet, to give a few examples, and particularly the development of mass communication techniques which are a product of modern technology, has led to the spread of religion in its original and also its fundamentalist forms. Christianity which was historically brought to certain countries through conquest and colonization is, today, spreading further afield with the help of these modern technological developments. On the other hand religions like Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam which had hither to been confined to a few countries in <place w:st="on">Asia</place> and <place w:st="on">Africa</place>, are now spreading westwards. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Further, technological developments have led to the affirmation of religious beliefs and thus of religion itself. It is interesting that even Darwin’s account of evolution which was believed to have destroyed the biblical story of creation says “If it be asked why apes had not had their intellects developed to the same degree as that of man, general causes only can be assigned in answer, and it is unreasonable to expect anything more definite, considering our ignorance with respect to the successive stages of development through which each creature has passed.” [Darwin. p.465]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">There are also aspects of human life innate qualities of human beings which <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Darwin</place></city> is unable to show as being a result of evolution. He says “with respect to the origin of the parental and filial affections, which apparently lie at the base of the social instincts, we know not the steps by which they have been gained; but we may infer that it has been to a large extent through natural selection.” [Darwin.478] <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Darwin</place></city> can only infer that these qualities were gained through natural selection. Theology however is certain that they were features derived at creation being a terrestrial manifestation of the divine relationship between God and man. <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Darwin</place></city> also said, “The moral sense perhaps affords the best and highest distinction between man and the lower animals. The moral sense in man is the fundamental factor which separates him from the animals. It is also the factor which links him to the divine. Once more there is an area which refuses to be explained by evolution but can be explained only by a divine act of creation.” [Gen.1, 26-31] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Beyond that pointer, there are other scientific facts. The fingerprint, the voice scan and the retina scan, show the uniqueness of the individual in the creation of each human being.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Frazer in Golden Bough says “if then we consider, on one hand, the essential similarity of man’s chief wants everywhere and at all times, and on the other hand, the wide difference between the means he has adopted to satisfy them in different ages, we shall perhaps be disposed to conclude that the movement of the higher thought, so far as we can trace it, has on the whole been from magic through religion to science.” [Frazer.711].Unfortunately science and technology have not been able either to marginalize or to disprove religion. On the contrary it has helped to spread religions and has in its findings supported basic religious beliefs. As Aquinas said, religion proceeds from “the light of divine revelation” [Anton 30] which he saw as a higher science. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Works Cited</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Maya/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span> Anton C.P(ed) <u>Basic Writings of Saint Thomas Acquinas</u>, Random House, <state w:st="on"><place w:st="on">New York</place></state>. (1945)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Maya/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span> <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Darwin</place></city>. <u>The Descent of Man</u>, Modern Library, p.465.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Maya/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span> Ford, Boris. “From Blake to Byron”. <u>The Pelican Guide to English Literature</u>, volume 5, Penguin Books, 1957.p.15</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Maya/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span> Ford, Boris. “From Dickens to Hardy”. <u>The Pelican Guide to English Literature</u>, volume 6, Penguin Books, 1958.p.19.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Maya/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span> The Bible societies. <u>Good News Bible</u>, Caledonian International Book Manufacturing Ltd, <place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">Glasgow</city>, <country-region w:st="on">Britain</country-region></place>. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Maya/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Frazer, J.G. <u>The Golden Bough</u>, Macmillan and co; limited, 1950, (369)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Maya/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span> “Medicine” <u>Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe</u>. 2004 ed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-34571682613538148662010-11-19T01:46:00.000-08:002010-11-19T01:47:21.268-08:00GLOBALIZATION MEDIA AND CULTURAL IDENTITY<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">GLOBALIZATION MEDIA AND CULTURAL IDENTITY: an analysis with reference to Sri Lankan experience</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX9E1DGpmIirx4Pps4xR6xWYM2m_evT5pufqCkaOG3tHsJzb05uUS7Uj3gaSrNHaidh0rZX-LmrNK7YvFohJe2wQT5MyQ35gAR6hrLinaN2X74M2QhyydaYY5wAqTdo7PZ25AFKoqaA9F4/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX9E1DGpmIirx4Pps4xR6xWYM2m_evT5pufqCkaOG3tHsJzb05uUS7Uj3gaSrNHaidh0rZX-LmrNK7YvFohJe2wQT5MyQ35gAR6hrLinaN2X74M2QhyydaYY5wAqTdo7PZ25AFKoqaA9F4/s320/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> The modern epoch opened as an era of globalization. Most of the critics portray this term as a world with permeable borders. Furthermore globalization is a widespread concept with a considerable degree of ambiguity. This ambiguity does not mean that it remains unclear or ill defined. Globalization has been viewed from different perspectives and dimensions particularly in relation to different interests, subject areas and scope. One perspective attempts to define it as a process of strengthening and extension of the international instability of commerce, capitals, technology and labor force. Another perspective refers to institutional changes, which are brought about in the society by the increase of these flows and the development of the transnational corporations. [Adesoji 41] In this point of view, it stressed the weakening of the regulating function of the national states. In its stronger version, globalization can be implied as disappearance of the state in its economic dimensions. Yet another perspective refers to the growing homogenization of certain processes and behaviors like the introduction of global standards in the production of goods.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In other words, what it means is the transformation of the state, the emergence of a new kind of global politics in which the state is one actor among many. [Glasius, Kaldor, 1] Accordingly the obvious fact is that globalization results by having a world with permeable borders.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Today money, goods, and services readily cross national boundaries. Instantaneous messages and enormous libraries of information flash across the Internet. Television, telephones, and wireless communications connect people in everywhere. In another viewpoint globalization can be interpreted as an integration and democratization of the world’s culture, economy, and infrastructure through transnational investment, rapid proliferation of communication and information technologies, and the impacts of free-market forces on local, regional and national economies. Hence it has been difficult adopting a standard definition and under different perspective and spheres it gives slightly different viewpoints, globalization can be interpreted as a combination of all the above mentioned factors.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The concept of globalization is not a new concept. Deluxe Encyclopedia 2004 conveys the roots of globalization as follows. According to it the most important globalizing process was the migration of human beings from the birthplace of the species to other continents. Soon after people settled down to work the land, they began to trade with other societies, nearby and far away. Then there came numerous inventions of the world like wheel and sailing vessels. Silk Road carried goods and ideas between China and the Roman Empire. Not only goods it carried information, clothing and cooking styles, techniques of metalwork, decoration and religions too. Then the concepts like imperialism, colonization took place and exploration of countries caused for exploitation. Though these conflicts were terribly destructive, they were part of the process of globalization that has brought about modern society.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Therefore it is evident the fact that globalization is not a new concept. It is an existed concept from the past. Moreover Karl Marx observed the same situation, the origination of globalization in Das Kapital as follows though the situation was not labeled as globalization during that era</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">“The capitalists’ ‘avarice’ for consumption as the accumulation; production and surplus value go on increasing. Marx says, ‘Luxury enters into capital’s expenses of representation’... Capitalists accumulate not for accumulation’s sake but to convert it into capital and to generate more surplus value. But what for this surplus value? Marx explains, “At the historical dawn of capitalist production - and every capitalist upstart has personally to go through this historical stage, avarice, and desire to get rich, are the ruling passions”4 … the capitalists need expansion of their markets. So Marx already explained it in the Communist Manifesto, “The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connection everywhere”5. [Sen. 121]</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Accordingly today we get familiar with the development of the above condition and we label it as globalization. When this condition gets more familiar with the present world it affects to the states in different ways. It could affect socially, politically, economically and culturally. Nowadays we see that globalization has invaded the culture. Hence globalization is from West to the rest all those affectations have an effect, not largely on Western developed countries but on under developing countries. However the development of this concept now resulted by having a global culture in the world.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Culture can be interpreted as a way of life adopted by a certain group of people of a particular society at a specific time and place. Every society has its own culture and way of life. Culture is established by a group of people who live together and stick to some principles in their society. Consciously or unconsciously people adopt the culture of the group that they born to. Nowadays culture becomes an important domain in relation to the concept of globalization. Globalization makes people have common needs and common challenges and as a result of that people form common societies which can address to their challenges.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cultures of people are diverse, even when dealing with similar realities. They mould a people’s way of life and thinking and give distinctiveness to a community. The process of globalization tends to bring about homogeneity of cultural behaviors throughout the world, at least in certain aspects of life such as in food, dress, leisure, music, and sports. The mass media and advertisements create wants, especially for TNC products such as McDonald’s food (present in 111 countries), Coca cola, jeans and rock concert music. The universalization of the demand for these goods may give the impression of a pervasive global mono-culture. [Balasuriya, www.religionline.org]</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Today, many nations are multicultural societies, composed of numerous smaller subcultures. Local culture and social structure are now shaped by large and powerful commercial interests. Cultures also cross national boundaries. For instance, people around the world now know a variety of English words and have contact with American cultural exports such as brand-name clothing and technological products, films and music, and mass-produced foods. Unlike past nowadays travel where we want easily. Distance is not a problem for that. Therefore Diaspora has become a common factor for all. And Diaspora too brings their own cultures when they move to another country. Hence there can be seen multicultural societies all over the world.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">When we talk about globalization we often talk about cultural convergence and the intermixing of pop cultures around the world. Author David Singh Grewal argues that globalization does not just influence which other cultures we encounter in our daily lives. More importantly, globalization changes our own culture. [Grewal, 2009] Most often dominant societies can shape the culture of less powerful societies, a process some researchers call cultural domination. Today, many anthropologists openly oppose efforts by dominant world powers, such as the U.S. government and large corporations, to make unique smaller societies adopt Western commercial culture. Right now this cultural domination has identified in the term of Cultural Imperialism.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to Tomlinson cultural imperialism is ‘the use of political and economic power to exalt and spread the values and habits of a foreign culture at the expense of a native culture.' [www.wikimediaclture.org] Furthermore according to Tomlinson economic power has enabled high capitalistic countries to exert a considerable control over weaker countries economically and culturally. Since America or Western countries are seen to dominate the world’s capitalism, their popular culture, Hollywood, the English language, and companies that include Nike and McDonalds, appear to show their cultural imperialism over the world. [Thomlimson, 54]</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">This situation basically happens through its relation with media. Rapid changes in technology in the last several decades have changed the nature of culture and cultural exchange. People around the world can make economic transactions and transmit information to each other almost instantaneously through the use of computers and satellite communications. Media is the vehicle which brings the effects of globalization to each nook and corner of the world. Media come out with images, sounds, and spectacles help produce the framework of everyday life. Furthermore it can have a certain effect on our lifestyle while dominating our leisure time, shaping political views and social behavior. Additionally it provides materials for people to forge an identity. Radio, television, film, and the other products of the culture industries provide the models of what it means to be male or female, successful or a failure, powerful or powerless. Media also provides the materials out of which many people construct their sense of class, of ethnicity and race, of nationality, of sexuality, of “us” and “them.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is through media we get familiar with the effects of globalization. Daily stories and images of media provide the symbols, myths, and resources which help people to constitute a common culture for the majority of individuals in many parts of the world today. Media culture provides the materials to create Identities and we insert ourselves into contemporary society what we identify as a global culture.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to Manuel Casetells the information revolution and reconstruction of capitalism have established a new society that could be called the “network society.” The most important characteristic of this society is its prevalent culture established by a diverse and comprehensive media system. [Babran, 2008] Hence technological revolution constitutes a basic support for capitalist globalization. This revolution is the important device which speeded up the process of globalization. Critics of globalization often cite "media imperialism" as a dominant vehicle for the expansion of a homogenous, consumer-based culture extending across borders. [Richards, French 2000] As a result of this situation powerful western countries are largely carrying a one-way transmission of ideas and values and end up with displacement of indigenous cultures in under developing countries.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">This situation can be observed through Sri Lanka. As a developing country it has the facets of globalization. According to the ideas discussed above Sri Lankan culture has vastly affected and affecting due to this situation and it mainly occurs in relation with rapid development of media.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Throughout the past centuries and still Sri Lanka has been moving along with the process of globalization. If we move to the past decades of the country according to the introductory factors mentioned above, even during the era of western colonization too had good as well as bad facets of globalization in Sri Lanka. The psychological consequences too on the colonized, Portuguese, Dutch and British were severe because whatever they did in Sri Lanka was first for their own benefit. Even the advantages brought to us were due to the requirements of the colonial government. Some of the advantages of colonial rule were the building of roads, railways, harbors and hospitals in the colonies. The colonizing powers introduced the modern education system and medicine. They even introduced modern agricultural methods. Most often, the colonial government exploited the Sri Lankans and their natural resources. Only a very small share of profit was given to us. Our country was used as the source for the raw material and the markets for the finished foreign goods. This badly affected our economy. Even politically these nations made several changes. They arbitrarily partitioned our country in some cases, while at some places they made divisions on the basis of language, religion and custom.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">There were also social and cultural effects. Various European languages with a rich tradition of literature were spread. The impact of western education and culture, their dress and language was acutely felt. Most of natives in Sri Lanka have also migrated to the West and also there had been number of elites who followed the Western pattern. Accordingly this situation proves the fact that though it was not so strict, though it was not so rapid and though the way of spreading the concept was different there were the facets of globalization in Sri Lanka from the past. If we take the present condition of the country we can see that nowadays Sri Lanka is highly affected by it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Consequently nowadays a vast majority of the Sri Lankan community is getting influenced by it. As a result of that western culture is attacking to the indigenous Sri Lankan culture. In some major cities the influence of western culture is being increasingly felt with the introduction of major fast food brands such as McDonalds, Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken as well as the appearance of major clothing brands such as Levi and Bench. Most of the critics identified this situation as a threat to Sri Lankan cultural identity. In the political structure some critics identify it as a loss of sovereignty in the country.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sri Lankans have subsisted on their own food production except some items. Consequent to globalization Sri Lanka has increased its import of rice and other basic commodities. Neighboring India has always been trying to set foot in the name of modernizing Sri Lankan industrial sector. Through means of globalization India and other countries keep an eye on controlling Sri Lankan lives. [Kumaaran, http//srilankannewsfirst.com]</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Culture is a major factor in the process of globalization. With the rapid process of globalization indigenous culture of Sri Lanka has globalized. If we pay close attention to the present Sri Lankan society it can be seen the fact that basic requirements of the people have increased. People unlike to get satisfied with what they have in their own countries they always look for something else. Then there can be seen western influence as well as cultural interactions. With the above two factors people try to imitate the culture of other countries. This cultural imitation affects the indigenous culture of the country. It is due to globalization states’ boundaries get broaden. And naturally people observe the traditions and cultures of other countries. Consequently they get familiar with cultures which are alien to them and obviously they forget their own cultures.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As mentioned earlier these cultural effects come through media. Globalization is not achievable without high technology and communication. Cultural affectation comes through communication. When new technologies emerged, that transformed the speed and range of communications, allowing the process of globalization faster. It is clear that globalization is an ongoing process, with its most visible aspect being the spread of information and communication technologies. Sri Lankans too affected by that. Currently media has close relationship with the people and Sri Lankans too having experiences on it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The following is an analysis is according to the survey that I have done under the theme of globalization media and culture in relation to Sri Lankan experience. There I have interviewed number of people who belong to different years of age, different social background and different nationality. But here I have categorized what they said according to their age. Under that I categorized them into three groups like youths age between, 15-30, middle age, 30-50 and age more than 50.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to the views of the youths in Sri Lanka it is clear the fact that they get familiar with the current situation. Though they see the disadvantages they cannot get rid of it because all those modern changes are interconnected with their life styles. They are evident with the social and cultural changes that come with globalization. They are so familiar with media especially television and internet. They accept the fact that media corrupt the indigenous culture of our country. For example Sinhala language is facing to a threat due to this situation. They talked about the changes that happened in the fashions, foods. They like the accessibility of knowledge and instant gratification that come with the concept of globalization. They believed the fact that globalization brings social reality – media reality – hyper reality. They recognized the fact that Sri Lankans are loosing their cultural identity. But according to the ideas given by the most of youths, they said that they too have to move with the present condition and them too getting attracted to westernization. Though they are evident what happen around them is wrong they are unable to get rig of that.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to my survey, I felt that middle age people who have experiences on both present and the past mostly get lost in this situation. They see the advantages as well as disadvantages of modern facilities. So they are afraid to be familiar with modern world. They always compare present with past. For example they assumed that nowadays they can buy easily what they want but for all they that they need money. They said that most of the people in the present society have become money minded. They have lost their cultural values. Media brings all the things that can corrupt the native culture of the country. They are in between the modern and the past eras. But they too have to join with the present society under certain circumstances.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Third group is the people who belong to the group of age above fifty. Most of the people who belong to this group of age see this situation as a mock. They always think about how nice how it is calm and quiet the life that they spend in the past. Most of them don’t get the love and caring of their children as their children are having a hectic lifestyle. They accept the fact that modern technology brings more facilities to them. But at the same time they argue on the fact that though they don’t have such facilities in the past they spent a happy life with their children and the parents. A larger concern in the emerging global information economy is the fact that most of the people cannot afford the types of products advertised on global media. Though it happens like that, their dissatisfaction of what they have constantly exposed them to these media messages and make them want to have those products that they can never afford. And that causes to a social unrest. For example due to the rapid development of technology it creates different versions of the same product. Mobile phone is one thing. This group of people argued on this fact and said it does not matter they use a mobile phone for communication but when comes different versions of the same product and when they get more familiar with that product with media they feel it is good they have the newest thing of that product. Then they need money and that makes their lives worse. And as a result of that crimes and violence become a common factor in the country. According to them they sill get satisfy with the simple lifestyle that they had in the past.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Above analysis is a sum up that based on the ideas given by the interviewers who belong to different age groups. According to that it is obvious the fact that globalization has multitude fallouts like increasing poverty, rising crime and violence, environmental degradation, changes in life styles and erosion of cultural values in Sri Lanka. Though most of the people in the country aware of that they are unable to get rid of it especially youths. As youth represents the present generation this would continue in future more than now. Middle age people feel that they are unable to fit in to the present as well as the past. They are like in between the processes of globalization. And the older generation just keeps a look at on the different changes happen in the present society.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Globalization is the gradual illusion of the weakening of state powers. It also represents how an individual life can be transformed by global forces, and one can expand one’s connections around the world. With globalization, individual lives become affected not just by their local communities, but by economic, political, and cultural processes or forces that operate worldwide. As it is a global process no body can avoid of it. The only thing that we can do is to be familiar with the process of globalization by understanding its effects both good and bad.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">References</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Adesoji. A. O (2006). Globalization of the media and the challenges of Democratization in Nigeria. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Anherier.H, Glasius.M & Kaldor.M. (2005).Global Civil Society. Sage Publications, London.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Balasuriya. T.“Globalization and Human Solidarity.” Religion Online Review.06 Dec,</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Babran .S. (2008) Media, Globalization of Culture, and Identity Crisis in Developing</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Countries. Vol XVII .Iran Islamic Azad University. Iran.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cultural Imperialism. www.wikimediaclture.org. 2004. M/Cyclopedia of New Media.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Disclaimers. 24 November 2004.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Grewal. D. S. (2009). Globalization and Cultural Convergence. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kumaaran. S. “Is globalization boon for Sri Lanka?” Sri Lanka News First Review. 03 Aprl.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">“Roots of Globalization” Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe. 2004 ed.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Richards. M, French. D. (2000). Globalization and Television: Comparative Perspectives. The</div><div style="text-align: justify;">cyprus review, Cyprus.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sen.S. (2000). The Marxist. Vol XVI, South End Press. Boston.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tomlinson, J. (2000) “Imperialism to Globalization” Globalization: The Reader. Eds. J. Beynon and D. Dunkerley. New York: Routledge.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-39424959902565448842010-11-18T16:39:00.000-08:002010-11-18T16:39:26.232-08:00Dancing Queen -Short Story<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CLasitha%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CLasitha%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CLasitha%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CLasitha%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><span style="font-size: large;"> Dancing Queen</span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyFYAGOE5cBuseZjT0BTJXIlSN4CFsv1tRA1J__GGREU4PuJAm5i5zLyPO8uoLn_2oeXtO5wLl18BJJubzdUBnteyJPZLw9wSLDI2C8D4f8p-IKRlLBaStefy38Dg7V_OU6jA3WmVX7JGU/s1600/1234265683683.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyFYAGOE5cBuseZjT0BTJXIlSN4CFsv1tRA1J__GGREU4PuJAm5i5zLyPO8uoLn_2oeXtO5wLl18BJJubzdUBnteyJPZLw9wSLDI2C8D4f8p-IKRlLBaStefy38Dg7V_OU6jA3WmVX7JGU/s320/1234265683683.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">It was the end of the ‘Ideal Dancer’ TV programme. The presenter thanked the guest,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"> “Thank you very much Ms.Priyanka for joining with us. We wish that you perform your dancing items well. Finally I would like to ask your phone number because most of our viewers are waiting to talk with you. They might have lot of things to ask from you about your dancing styles.” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">I gave my phone number and thanked them all. Then I came out of the studio and get on to my car. As I was tired I asked my driver to take me home without stopping anywhere. When I was going I heard my phone rang. A woman spoke to me,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Hello, is this Ms.Priyanka?”As it was an unknown voice I replied curiously.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Then the woman spoke further. She told that she was a psychiatrist at GGR mental hospital and she had something important to tell me, but she repeatedly told me that she didn’t mean to insult me and she asked me not to misunderstand her. Then I felt more curious and listened anxiously. Then she told me that in their mental asylum they allow some of their patients to watch some musical and dancing programmes on TV and today they had seen my programme. But one of the patients, who suffered from a severe mental stress, cried a lot after having seen the programme. She shouted that Ms.Priyanka was her one and only child. Her words shook me and at once I asked the name of that patient. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “She is Mrs. Radhika Fernando. Miss I don’t know whether Mrs.Radhika knows you or not, but if you know about her please visit he. She is not strong enough to bear up the things that have happened to her. She is in a serious situation. And now she is so old and feeble. Her husband visits her everyday once he told me that their daughter committed suicide and after that incident his wife had lost her sanity.” She continued. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Furthermore she said that perhaps their daughter might be like me. So she pleaded me to visit the patient though I was busy with my work. And it would be a good treatment for the patient. Then I promised to think about it further. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> After that phone call tears began to pour down my cheeks. Them my mind ran back to the time of my childhood.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> Ten years ago my parents and I lived together. I was the only child of my family. I loved my parents a lot, but I knew that they loved me more than I loved them. They wanted to give me a good education. My father’s dream was to see me as a doctor. He always told me, ‘My little daughter, you should do your studies well and try to be a doctor one day and surprise all our friends and relations.’ But according to my way of thinking I didn’t accept my father’s idea. I always dream to be a good dancer one day though my father didn’t agree with me. All the time he said that he couldn’t be ashamed in front of his relations. My mother too agreed with my father. Time ran quickly and my parents forced me to do the Advanced Level Examination in science stream. However I did my studies without any will, but my parents thought that I would pass my examination very well. They took me too many private classes and spent a lot of money though I found all the subjects equally difficult. I did my examination and awaited results. In the meantime I told my father to take me to a dancing class, but he paid no attention to my request. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> My results came. I had only three simple passes. I feel nothing about my results. My parents were sad and they were disappointed about me because their loving child had destroyed their wonderful dream. So the hunk between me and my parents grew weaker day by day. Then I felt sad and also felt disappointed about myself. My father didn’t speak to me. We behaved as strangers even though we lived under one roof. I was unable to face the situation at my home. Finally I left my loving cage with the idea of building up my life by myself.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> I came out of my thoughts. My face was wet with tears. Through my tears I saw the gate of my house. I went to my room and began to think. During the last five years I searched my parents. But I could find only that my father had sold our house and had gone somewhere with my mother. Now everything is clear to me. I decided to go to that asylum next day. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> The following morning I got ready to go. My car stopped at the asylum gate. Everyone looked at me surprisingly and came round me. Through them I saw a tall young lady was coming towards me. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Hi! Ms.Priyanka, I am doctor Swetha. It’s me who phoned you yesterday. I never thought that you would come. Then she took me to see the patient. We went to her room. She pointed her hand at a patient who was lying on a bed. There was a man sitting in front of her. I told the doctor that I wanted to go alone and talk with them. I found very quickly that the old thin man who was sitting there was my father and the patient was my mother. I went to speak with them. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Oh! Are you Ms.Priyanka?” The man asked surprisingly. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">I just nodded my head. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “My wife thinks that you are our daughter. She cries when she sees you on TV.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">I looked at him with a blank face. Then I asked their story. He began to sob and said that because of their faults they lost their daughter. Then I asked whether they knew where their daughter was. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “No Miss, perhaps she might have died. It is our fate. But when you speak with me I felt that my daughter is again with me.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">I was unable to control myself. I began to weep. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “No father you are not wrong. You little daughter is still with you. Can’t you recognize me? Do I have changed a lot?”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Then who is Miss.Priyanka?” He questioned.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “It’s a long story. I changed my name.”<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW04XxjCqJY5zgBkLHpsP3p_DjW2slN6SX-aIVlz0r6O_C5goqWYdSeZXdR8jAi4R98qKuJ-evUixoYQY1YJby80d4uK4J1t86Qw9_hH8abty5Bbs7nrSWH80qJztIidiPNIyvXkB982mz/s1600/1248647960220477.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW04XxjCqJY5zgBkLHpsP3p_DjW2slN6SX-aIVlz0r6O_C5goqWYdSeZXdR8jAi4R98qKuJ-evUixoYQY1YJby80d4uK4J1t86Qw9_hH8abty5Bbs7nrSWH80qJztIidiPNIyvXkB982mz/s320/1248647960220477.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">At that time my mother woke up and looked at me with tears on her eyes. She began to touch my hands, my face. I promised her not to leave her again and asked their pardon for what had happened. And asked them, not to consider me as an unkind one. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-23319785248318691602010-11-15T20:09:00.000-08:002010-11-15T20:09:28.590-08:00National Identity and Language<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">National Identity and Language.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPPs68KYxuCqZMVT4yg65HsaO_L9RVa5ySVKLB_Gwdhri847srUvReEwbo0oWa8wKNwywY7VUK2mCuErdHrARGjxX6plXI9Dnsbu3_JCP3pBEU2nxKR5Eng-UhBzTR_1b6h-PkChPZabsl/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPPs68KYxuCqZMVT4yg65HsaO_L9RVa5ySVKLB_Gwdhri847srUvReEwbo0oWa8wKNwywY7VUK2mCuErdHrARGjxX6plXI9Dnsbu3_JCP3pBEU2nxKR5Eng-UhBzTR_1b6h-PkChPZabsl/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">World is the home for all the people who belong to different nationalities like Sinhalese, Muslims, Tamils, English, Japanese etc. All these nationalities have their characteristics of their own to symbolize their identity. Religious festivals, customs and traditions are important among them. From all those language takes the most important place. Most of the time with the pronunciation of a word, anyone can easily identify to which nationality that word belongs to. If we take some words as examples, London-David, Shinhua-Shanhai, Kiyoto- Shikoku- here the first sets of words belongs to English language, the second and third represent Chinese and Japanese respectively. With the above examples we can see how much a language can affect to represent the identity of a nationality.<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span> </span>Sri Lanka is a multi-national country. As a whole all can be known as Sri Lankans. But among them there can be seen a difference among the language that the Sinhala and Tamil people use. Most of the Muslim people use Tamil language. Therefore Tamil language represents both Tamil and Muslim nationalities. But Muslim’s identity represents through Arabic Language. They use it to read Quran. Tamil language represents the Tamils’ identity. Sinhala is used by most of the people in Sri Lanka. And it is like a mirror that reflects our identity. But nowadays we can see that the modern changes affect the national identity of our language. Because today there can be seen a mixture a Sinhala and English languages and it is a threat for official language of the country. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span> </span>When we hear the words like London, Thames, Oxford we know that those words represent the identity of England. Today in Sri Lanka most of the time we hear these types of words, for example Five Star Apparel, Thames College, Jeeva Tours and Travels etc. with these words we see though language represents our identity now it has lost its roots. Today when people give a name for something or somebody most of the time they select a word from a foreign language, especially from English language. But if we pay attention to the government sector of Sri Lanka they we can see meaningful Sinhala names that represent our identity. However when we add English words for these things we destroy not only our language but also the ideal features of our culture. Since two thousand years we use our own language and it began to crack with foreign invasions. It is true the fact that one language can enrich with another language but if we use a language to destroy another language then it is not fair. For examples Sri Lankans has converted numerous English words according to Sinhala language. We can see the words like car, bus, radio etc. It is reasonable, because if we don’t have a proper Sinhala word for something without using its original word we can slightly change the word by adding some Sinhala roots to it. Then we can enrich our own language without spoiling its original roots.<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span> </span><span> </span>Language is a tool of communication. So it should be simple as well as meaningful.<span> </span>Still in Sri Lanka in certain instances we can reflects of slave time when we use language. It is weird to see such things even a long period after independence. Independence of one’s country is like the life of its. If a country is not strong to use its own national language independently how can we consider that country as an independent, sovereign state? Though we have a powerful language of our own still we do changes to it by adding British words. It may be because still we are under the British power in certain way. In the past the situation was totally different. We could bring our own literature books to and country to represent our identity. But nowadays it is hard to find even a person who speaks pure Sinhala. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVol8_gJ8nMg05dPJmZ4jQFRhgmzkTLKfOel0VLLEfNVSXKKO2x50aFeCxWKOSokAXbEoMLg4wufPJChujHJqYz3f-PfHAX-YXWC-SvDqCnebSSTc5-d9-V-6N61lPavcaClME1TXW5TNx/s1600/%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVol8_gJ8nMg05dPJmZ4jQFRhgmzkTLKfOel0VLLEfNVSXKKO2x50aFeCxWKOSokAXbEoMLg4wufPJChujHJqYz3f-PfHAX-YXWC-SvDqCnebSSTc5-d9-V-6N61lPavcaClME1TXW5TNx/s320/%253D%253D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span> </span><span> </span>National language of one’s country is like a ball of clay. People can make numerous things that represent their identity by taking it as a raw material. People’s lives are inter-connected with their mother tongue. It has its own spelling rules, grammar rules, letters etc. Mother language of one’s country is like the life of it. So when it changes with modern situations it is a huge shock for the development of a nation. A language should be developed, it should be enriched with new words but at the same time people should keep in their minds to protect the roots of it. <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-6325762376812056442010-11-15T19:50:00.000-08:002010-11-15T20:13:43.729-08:00Short Story<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(199, 226, 250); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">An Innocent Doe</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"><span id="goog_1229466486"></span><span id="goog_1229466487"></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJL8UrWLm70PhMKoXABwSXwZWLWJDDHqWBhAclGzq1khwuRpNLfEqPd0yjhOWHp37EXetNJgC0eTVUlw77zA3GD9dGJzdOfJAbjphEg-vQVu-qFgqRTIG9IaJx8KX50Ae3SWsFE6HZAZn/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJL8UrWLm70PhMKoXABwSXwZWLWJDDHqWBhAclGzq1khwuRpNLfEqPd0yjhOWHp37EXetNJgC0eTVUlw77zA3GD9dGJzdOfJAbjphEg-vQVu-qFgqRTIG9IaJx8KX50Ae3SWsFE6HZAZn/s320/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> The day began badly. I knew something awful was going to happen when I dropped the mirror and broke it. Suddenly I heard the sound of my uncle. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> “Priya what has happened?”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> “I dropped the mirror.” I replied. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> Then he said that it was a good omen and asked me not to think about it. Though he assured it as a good omen I felt anxious. It was my first day. I was going to work as my uncle’s secretary. But the day began badly. One day my mother told me that a broken mirror is a bad omen. However I decided not to think about it further. I went with my uncle to his office. He said that he had to go somewhere for a meeting. He gave me some projects to check and asked me to stay there till he returned because he had something to discuss with me. I did all my work. It was six o’clock in the evening. I was alone at the office. My mind ran to the past, I remembered my parents, my sister and my brother.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> I was the eldest child in our family. My father was a heart patient. We lived on the little money which was earned by my mother. But that money was not enough for us to live. My father became feeble little by little. We wanted more money for our father’s medicine. I couldn’t go to school after my Ordinary Level Examination due to these problems. One day a brother of my mother who was a politician came to our house. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> “My brother! You came after a longtime.” Said my mother.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> “Yes sister, I had some problems, you know with these work it’s hard to get a time. Anyway who is this pretty girl?” he asked pointing his hand to me.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> “This is my eldest daughter.” My mother replied.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">After an hour he got ready to go. Then he whispered to me;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> “If you like you can come with me. I can give you a job.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">I looked at my mother who got delighted with those words.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> “Daughter this is a good opportunity for you. My brother will look after you well. I know you are so lucky. You are the only one who can take us out of this pit. Go with your uncle.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> Finally I went with my uncle to that concrete city dreaming about a nice future. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> Suddenly I heard a sound of a car. I came out of my thoughts. I saw that my uncle got out of the car with a pretty lady. They talked and laughed like a newly married couple. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> “Ah! Priya, this is Mrs. Nanditha.” He introduced the lady to me.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> “Priya, come here.” He said.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Furthermore he said that Mrs.Nanditha has found a fine job for me. But it was questionable to me, because I came to work with my uncle. Therefore I said that the job that he provided me is more than enough and I can look after my parents with it. However finally I had to agree with them to think twice about the new proposal. But I felt curious about the lady came with my uncle. So I began to inquire about her. Few days back I recovered that the lady was an owner of a brothel. Then I decided to speak with uncle about it. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Uncle, don’t you know about that woman?” I asked.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Yes yes I know about her very well.” He replied keeping a smile on his face.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “So……..why why uncle you asked me …..” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">I couldn’t speak anymore tears welled up in my eyes and spilled down my face.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “No uncle, that won’t happen. You are mistaken. Your hope won’t be successful.” I shouted.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Foolish girl.” Uncle laughed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Two weeks later I got a letter from my mother. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">My daughter, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> Your father is not well again. The doctor said that we have to do an operation to save him. I can’t understand anything. We have to do it in twenty days and we want a large amount of money for that. Your uncle is the only one who can help us. Please speak to him. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> Your mother.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">I began to tremble. I couldn’t tell it directly to my uncle. As I was sure about his reply I thought a lot. At that time my uncle came and asked me about the matter. So I gave him the letter. Then he said with a smile. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Priya, still you are not late. Still the job is available for you.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">I began to tremble again. I remembered my father’s words which he had said when I was coming with uncle. He told me;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> “Only simple thoughts and hopes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> bring happiness of mind</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> Hopes of enormous highs<br />
will kill the mind’s happiness.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">However I had to agree with my uncle. I began to work with Mrs. Nanditha. She advised me on this job. I sent money to my mother. But I couldn’t go to see my father. After two months I heard that my father was cured. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> One day when I was at my uncle’s office with Mrs. Nanditha, I heard a crying sound of a man. I went in front of the office.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Father!” I was surprised. “Why did you come here?” I asked.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Do you think that I am a blind and deaf person? I know what you are doing here. Why my daughter, why didn’t you allow me to die? How can I listen such a thing about my own daughter?” he cried.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Father I know you will never forgive me. I wanted to save your life. I was helpless father…..”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “But my daughter how quickly you forgot, ‘A faded flower cannot bloom again.’</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">He shouted. Tears began to pour on his face. Then he collapsed on the floor.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> “Father!!!!!!!!!!!!” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">It was the day of my father’s funeral. I couldn’t participate because I couldn’t face my villagers and relations now. It was six o’clock in the evening. I walked in the darkness without understanding anything. I recalled my father’s words again. ‘A faded flower cannot bloom again.’ I began to run. I felt that Mrs. Nanditha and my uncle were running after me. I stopped at the beach. I saw my father’s face in the far horizon. I saw my uncle and Mrs. Nanditha behind me. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">“I’ll come father!! I want to be closed to you.” I cried and collapsed on the sand and began to sob.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-3715789203748089202010-11-11T20:57:00.001-08:002010-11-11T20:58:35.274-08:00Sri Lankan Writers in English<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">“Lankan writers in English are making their own particular contribution to our critical awareness of Lankan reality…” Do you agree? A discussion in relation to three Sri Lankan English poets .</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p _moz-userdefined=""></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Sri Lankan writers in English have a distinctive style of writing. As Ashley Halpe points out Sri Lankan writers in English make their own particular contribution to Lankan reality and to the exploration of human potentiality that is central to art of any importance. Their writings represented different situations that occurred during the eras they write. The speech patterns of Sinhala and Tamil influenced the writing style of Sri Lankan English. English literature is one variety of English in <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Sri Lankan writers in English explore human potentiality through exposé of characters. These characters have distinctive characteristics that make them different from the characters of other literatures. Through their writing they make their audience aware of Sri Lankan history including the eras of colonialism and post colonialism and social issues like internal riots and ethnic conflicts of the country. Sri Lankan writers in English play a major role in performing the characteristics of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region> in the international arena. Among those writers the poets like Lakdasa Wikkramasinha, Yasmine Gooneratne and Patrick Fernando can be taken as Sri Lankan writers who addressed different perspective views of human beings as well as social issues. <span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>In Lakdasa Wikkramasinha’s poetry he dealt with native problems of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>. He is a distinctive character among good local poets. As Suresh Canagarajah indicates Lakdasa Wikkramasinha as a better example of a Lankan poet who succeeds in reconciling the discourses in his own terms. His stand point is clearly in the rural, folk, native cultural and literary traditions. In fact in being a poet of no mean stature in one of the indigenous languages (i.e., Sinhala) he is unique among Lankan English poets in his literary bilinguality. Besides, he is a relatively committed poet with a fairly clear and consistent socio-political stand point. [Canagarajah, 1995] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>As a poet he is essentially native. His use of language is essentially and outstanding colored by local idioms. For example the opening lines of the second stanza of the “From the life of the Folk Poet, Ysinno”, </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span>‘He made his way to the Walauwa at Iddamalgoda</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">and to the Menike said ‘how poor he was.’</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHq9r6tFdwKRpi554oqFFi_FRxqPekHSl2IW1A9oFiB7Gieo1Dtx8tU2gremUBcHLy-LB0GYuw7_iDLgB7KFxaP4_IF_6aqFGK097RtHeXcnPxMUClOm2yM8nAZFN3OLC6AxM4juh_I2u/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHq9r6tFdwKRpi554oqFFi_FRxqPekHSl2IW1A9oFiB7Gieo1Dtx8tU2gremUBcHLy-LB0GYuw7_iDLgB7KFxaP4_IF_6aqFGK097RtHeXcnPxMUClOm2yM8nAZFN3OLC6AxM4juh_I2u/s320/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Those native words emphasis the controlling local interpretations of the poem. The most important fact is this line shows something unusual in British English, but common and economical in the Lankan Standard English. By using such contrast he has managed to build up a simple and natural language that makes easy for Sri Lankans to understand. But at the same time we see his familiarity with British English through the words like ‘benison’, ‘fealities’. Through the poem he dramatizes the feudal relationship between the folk poet [Ysinno] and the mistress [Menike] of the house. We see the rudeness and egoism of Menike and poorness, loyalty and faithfulness of Ysinno. </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">‘So she said, wait for the yala</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">Harvest and take the straw.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span>Ysinno said, O the rains are coming near</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span>my woman fretting, her kid will get wet’</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">But at the same time the poem ends by showing the generosity of the Menike. The poem is like a reminder of past where we remember the social inequalities that occurred due to feudalism. Furthermore his use of archaic words reminds us obsoleteness of this system. In addition to that “The strength of Wikkramasinha’s discourse then is that by fusing the two discourses, he is able to telescope both traditions to widen our perspective. While sympathetically evoking as an insider a mode of relationship still popular and legitimate in rural <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>, he also subtly detaches himself to warn us of its possible limitations. Thus his native and Western sensibilities are nicely balanced…” [Canagarajah, 1995] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>In his poem “The cobra” he talks about the mythical beliefs of rural Sri Lankans. There we see how those rural people get obsessed by the power of cobra without considering its deadly impact. The belief is based on fear that if a cobra was killed it will come to took the revenge. The poet is calm but bitter about the death of his woman. This death comes as a harshly irony contrast to the mythical veneration with which the other villagers hold the cobra. <span> </span>This poem too we see his literary bilinguality through the terms like ‘dunkiriniya’, ‘my woman’, ‘lamp of my heart’.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Suresh Canagarajah depicts Wikkramasinha as a politically committed and socially conscious poet in Sri Lankan English poetry. And he appears as an angry poet. For example in the poem “The Death of Ashanthi” he criticizes his own family members who belong to the local landed gentry for exploiting their home maids sexually and or else. [Canagarajah, 1995] </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">“… she was perhaps used</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span>by my cousin:privert in the army,”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>There he criticizes his own class for reinforcing sexual exploitation and he identifies himself with the lower class. <span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Yasmine Gooneratne is an outstanding female poet of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region> who belongs to the Western educated minority. During the time she wrote the social patterns of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region> have changed from her childhood. At that time mother tongue oriented culture and education emerged in the country and that affected to the anglicized minority of the country. [Raheem and Fernando, 1978] So it is clearly evident the fact that this situation has an effect on Gooneratne’s poetry. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>In the poem “This Language, This woman” she depicts her ideas a defender of English language. As Suresh Canagarajah points out in this poem Yasmine Gooneratne protests against the nationalists in the country. She argues that the nationalists are simply jealous of not having English for their mistress even though they have a brief unsuccessful ‘flirtation’. [Canagarajah, 1995] the poet is using the metaphor of woman to depict the language. She is mounting a farced defense of the English language. Furthermore in detail she points out due to the accidental birth of Sinhala language those speakers do not know the value of English language. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>“Beware how you insult her</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">in your ignorance, accident of your birth.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span><span> </span>Goaded by the jealous fury of your own girl”</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">She draws a class distinction through the poem. English is characteristically in positive feminine term and the characterization of English show its capacity to regenerate, loyal, love and subtle. She has a very elite sort of vision and that shows how much she is colonized. She says that she is trying to defend the language by writing.<span> </span>Through her poem we see how the Western educated minority in the country try to defend the English language and the negative attitudes that they have towards the English language.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Yasmine Gooneratne’s “Peace Game” and “Post-Office Queue” are two poems that show the class distinction. There we see the upper class people’s attitude towards the working class people. And also she presents the snobbish and contemptuous qualities of the upper class people. In the poem “Post-Office Queue” the sister is a woman from a privileged class. It is like a conflictual exchange, only the upper class woman [the poet] speaks. And the lower class woman is not given a voice. She is presented through the narrator’s voice. The narrator is sort of anticipating the lower class woman and she is speaking for self defense. There is a sense of snobbery and content. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>As Lilamani de Silva points out “this poem reinforces class mythology. The upper class narrator is an absolute snob, and is viciously self –defensive in acknowledging her separation from the ‘other’ in terms of the class and language.” [Silva, 1995]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">“There is not very much that we share,</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span>Sister, although I know you are standing</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>…that your life lacks salt.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In a way the narrator constitutes herself. And we see both classes are been insular and narrow minded. The poem is about an everyday incident. But as it represents through the upper class character we see only one side of the story. Moreover the poet shows the impossibility of crossing the class barriers though both of them are women. </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">“I suppose you know you really stand to win</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>And I know who is going to be hurt.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">We see that both women have their insular virtues.<span> </span>Likewise the poem can be considered as an amazing, snobbish and callous piece of writing. Addressing to a lower class woman standing next to the poet in a post office queue and the poem ends with the conclusion </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">“But to ask in English for a stamp is not yet a moral sin;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Your insular virtue need not make me dirt.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The poem demonstrates defiantly upper class attitude which misses entirely the point and pathos of social barriers. [Raheem and Fernando, 1978]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The poem is such a subtle criticism where a high class woman sees her own differences comparing to the privileged. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Again we see the same situation in the poem ‘Peace Game’. The poem is a mildly suggestive satire on war. She satirizes the inequality of the sides playing the peace game, or the inequality of the sides fighting for war. Here also the poet presents class distinction and there we see two side ‘Odds’ and ‘Evens’. ‘Evens’ belong to the upper class people who were ‘swell’, ‘upright’, ‘regular guys’ and poet represents them. And like the earlier poem here also ‘Odds’ who represent the lower class who were ‘little, patched and scrawny’ were not given a voice. </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">“We Evens were a well-fed lot</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span>and tough, so that the little patched</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span> </span>and scrawny Odds would never dare.”</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>On more universal term the meaning of the poem seems to be that wars are not fought on equal terms. It is one party, the more powerful that chooses the ground and makes the rules and plays the game, not for war but for peace. As Lilamani de Silva <span lang="EN-GB">indicates, “the thesis is that since the ‘Evens’ have the edge over the ‘Odds’ in terms of class power even at the outset, the contest has a predictable end in the game as in life. But the poor are always victims in the race.” <span> </span></span>[Silva, 1995] Nevertheless in both poems the poetess objectifies the lower class people and in a certain way her writings affected to draw a class distinction in the country. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Patrick Fernando is another famous Lankan poet whose writings contributed to display Lankan reality and to the exploration of human potentiality. He wrote with a certain confidence. We see a vivid imagination working through his poems. That has a peculiar originality of its own. In point of actual achievement Patrick Fernando is one of the most talented poets belonging to the period after 1956. He is not exclusively Sri Lankan or Western. His poems can be read by anyone anywhere as they have a universal appeal. Suresh Canagarajah introduces Patrick Fernando’s poetry represent the dominant ethos of Sri Lankan English poetry. [Canagarajah, 1995] He is a native writer and he deals with themes typically native in the West coast of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>In his poem ‘Fisherman Mourned by His Wife’ he deals with the theme of love and marriage between a young fisherman and his wife. The fisherman is dead and the wife in her grief analyses the various stages of their relationship. Through images the poet draws a realistic picture of the hardships of their lives. Most of his imageries are drawn from the sea. <span> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">“…not yet tanned…you in old boat brown”</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The line shows how fisherman is conditioned by the life he leads. Next the narrator analyses the nature of their marriage. It is a union arranged by their elders. She recalls the first days of their marriage and its consummation while his chastity and inexperience in sex are revealed. Their love blossomed forth after marriage. <span> </span>The relationship portrayed reflects the typical native ethos. And also both fisherman and his wife’s characters represent folk culture of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Moreover Suresh Canagarajah depicts his ideas about their relationship as follows; </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">“Fernando succeeds to a great extent in capturing the specificity of the relationship of the fisherman and his wife as a conservative arranged marriage. However he goes beyond simple stereotypes to show how the relationship blossoms into deep understanding- and love. He also evokes the psychological complexities in the emotions and attitudes of the partners which depict the relationship as humanity alive.” [Canagarajah, 1995] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Patrick Fernando expresses a different theme in his poem ‘Life and Death of a Hawk.’ It is the enigmatic nature of the highly elevated life and the pathetic death of the hawk that form the subject of the poem. Patrick Fernando shows his own bafflement at the enigmatic nature of the great men ending in meanness. The poet uses the image of a hawk that often can be seen in the Sri Lankan sky. But the theme is universal as it can be applied to any society.<span> </span>The whole poem carries the theme of however majesty, however powerful this is the common end of all living creatures. The poem is a symbolic of destruction of things beautiful and splendid by violent and incongruous forces. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Though there can be seen slight differences among the above mentioned Sri Lankan writers in English all of them have taken a certain effort to explore human potentiality. With direct and indirect messages they portray characters. The characters that they portray and social, economical and political issues that they brought out are more familiar to the Sri Lankan audience rather than Western literature.<span> </span>The clash between native and alien discourse is an unavoidable factor for those writers. Suresh Canagarajah points out how Sri Lankan poets face to the clash of native and alien discourse. According to hi Patrick Fernando ‘ignores and overlooks the clash; Yasmine Gooneratne consciously manipulates the clash to justify her standard. … Lakdasa Wikkramasinha integrates the discourses effectively with a solid grounding in the native cultural traditions and social context.’</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>However Sri Lankan writers in English have a distinct style and with their writing they create a separate variety of English literature in <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>. And those writings affect to Sri Lankan audience as well as to the Western audience to widen their critical awareness of Lankan reality.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</o:p></div><h1><span style="color: windowtext;">Bibliography</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Canagarajah, S. “Reconsidering the Question of Language in <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>.” <u>From Essays on Poetry of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region></u>. English Association of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>, 1995</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">De Mel, N. (ed) <u>Selective <st1:city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Readings</st1:place></st1:city> from the poetry of Yasmine Gooneratne</u>. English Association of <st1:country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><st1:place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:place></st1:country-region>, 1995.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Raheem, S and Fernando, S. <u>Women writers in English</u>. Volume 17, 1978.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-86778267639512472182010-11-10T22:29:00.001-08:002010-11-10T22:33:25.892-08:00NATION-STATE<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></b><span dir="ltr"><b>DEFINE “NATION-STATE.” </b></span><br />
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</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn3o6L5KC2BxnSS8mxOubBjkrzR-hJpBXl2GFHPLcIttY5BYd6K8nAzPcjgkcWEsyBE_S3RJ9WfXm1tF2x9PSslMBiJCLpuSz6PkL-d1PER71-yxbXLFxjaDbtZmcGlpDB74hqr3IJl8ev/s1600/=====.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" px="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn3o6L5KC2BxnSS8mxOubBjkrzR-hJpBXl2GFHPLcIttY5BYd6K8nAzPcjgkcWEsyBE_S3RJ9WfXm1tF2x9PSslMBiJCLpuSz6PkL-d1PER71-yxbXLFxjaDbtZmcGlpDB74hqr3IJl8ev/s320/%253D%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" width="228" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The idea of the “nation-state” is a vague idea and it is difficult to define. Though there were not secular states there were civilizations and there were relations among the countries in the pre 1648 century. For example there were civilizations in the countries like <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Egypt</place></country-region>, Greek, Persian etc. The term “nation-state” was not used at that time. The concept of nation-state is a new idea which is only about four hundred years old. If we divide the concept nation- state into two different factors, the nation can be scene as an unclear or a fuzzy idea and state as a concrete idea. Many critics have defined the idea of nation-state in different ways. </div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Joseph Stalin defines nation under different factors and those factors are interconnected. If it loses one thing it affect to the full meaning. First element that he points out is a definite stable community. A nation should have a “historically constituted community” [Nationalism, 18] Furthermore he emphasized that the nation is not constitute with one ethnicity. For that he gave out some examples too, “The modern Italian nation was formed from Romans, Teutons, Etruscans, Greeks, Arabs and so forth. French nation was formed from Gauls, Romans, Britons, Teutons, and so on…” [Nationalism, 18] Next he points out; though a nation contains a stable community every stable community does not constitute a nation. There he gave out the countries like <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Russia</country-region>, <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Austria</place></country-region> as examples. </div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Then he moves on to the second factor by saying that there cannot be a nation without a common language and therefore the fact that a stable community would not be enough to have a nation. But here he emphasizes the fact that “There is no nation which at one and the same time speaks several languages, but this does not mean that there cannot be two nations speaking the same language” [Nationalism, 18] He points out <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">America</country-region> and <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Britain</place></country-region> as examples. Because though Englishmen and Americans speak one language they do not constitute one nation. Next he develops the same argument and brings out another factor which is needed to have a nation. That is though Englishmen and Americans use the same language they do not live together generation after generation. “A nation is formed only as a result of lengthy and systematic intercourse, as a result of people living together generation after generation” [Nationalism 19] And also he says this cannot be done if they do not have a common territory. Different territories lead to have different nations. </div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Furthermore he developed his argument and said the above factors too would not be enough to have a nation. A nation requires a common economic life because all the people in a same nation should share a common economic life. As an example he says that <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Georgia</place></country-region> has a common language, a common territory but does not constitute one nation because they do not share a common economic life. </div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Finally he mentions the fact that spiritual complexion which is needed to complete the idea of a nation. “Nations differ not only from their conditions of life, but also in spiritual complexion, which manifests itself in peculiarity of national culture.” [Nationalism, 20] Here he emphasizes the idea that “national character” is difficult to study. But it makes a culture which is common to all. So it cannot be ignored when considering nation as a concept. In detail he says that though it may have changes due to the conditions of life it exists all the time and its features may have an impact on the idea of nation. </div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> If we take Joseph Stalin’s view on nation as a summary for him a nation is “a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.”[Nationalism, 21] So according to him when all these above mentioned characteristics are presented there can be a nation. Therefore Stalin’s idea of nation can suggest the fact that a “nation-state” can also be a fallacy because it needs to complete all the requirements. In brief if we take a small example to understand Stalin’s idea, for him all the above factors are needed to have a nation, so for as an example if we think his idea of nation as a delicious cake, the factors that he mentioned are like ingredients that we add for that because if we are unable to add a single ingredient it would affect the taste of the cake. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> Max Weber is another critic who defined nation-state according to his point of view. For him nation is “a community of sentiment which would adequately manifest itself in a state of its own; hence, a nation is a community which normally tends to produce a state of its own.” [Nationalism, 25]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> He starts his definition by saying that “nation cannot be identical by the people of a state but with the membership of a given polity”. [Nationalism, 22] According to him a nation can contain homogeneous groups of people. For him the facts like common language, common culture and common religion are not important to have a nation. He believes the fact that a common language is not so necessary to have a nation. The use of a common language may or may not help to have a “national solidarity”. He points out that there may have “national solidarity” with a “common political destiny.” It means that there is a possibility that different ethnic groups in a certain country may fight or may join with the things such as revolutions and due to that there can have certain cohesion towards that country. But he further indicates that the idea of nation is somewhat different. That “national solidarity” which comes through a “common political destiny” cannot make a nation. “But a sentiment of ethnic solidarity does not by itself make a nation.” [Nationalism, 23] For that he points out an example by saying that the Alsatians in <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">France</country-region>; they speak the German language and they have the political unity with <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">France</place></country-region> as they were participated for the French Revolution, but they do not belong to neither French “nation” or to the German “nation.” And also he talks about the Negros in <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">America</place></country-region>. Though the Negros consider that they themselves belong to American “nation” the white people in <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">America</country-region> almost do not consider that the <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Negros</place> belong to their “nation.” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">So Weber emphasizes the fact that people can achieve a quality of a nation under certain circumstances. His argument is that a group of people may represent a certain nation or may join with a certain nation through the relationship of loyalty to the associations that they build up with that nation. But in further he says that may not provide the conditions to have the idea of ‘nation.’ He shows it through example “The German Americans … would fight against <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Germany</place></country-region>, not gladly… The Poles in the German state would fight readily with a Russian Polish army but hardly against an autonomous Polish army…” [Nationalism, 24] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">When considering the ideas on nation mentioned by both critics, there can be seen subtle differences on the facts mentioned by the critics for their argument. Because the factors that Stalin decided as requirements which need to have a nation are not considered as requirements by Weber to have a nation. So on the surfaces both arguments look at different facets of ‘nation’, but in depth both critics stop their arguments at the same point. Through both arguments, it is clearly evident the fact that the idea of the nation-state is a fallacy. According to both arguments though there can be seen the use of the word ‘nation’, ‘nation-state’ today, those do not have the requirements that should have to have for a ‘nation’. So it is clearly evident that this is a vague and fuzzy idea. But in the present society and the world most of states identify themselves as ‘nation-states’. However it still lacks and it still need to have number of requirements which need to have to fulfill the idea of ‘nation-state’. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></b><span dir="ltr"><b>EXAMINE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF “PEACE OF <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">WESTPHALIA</place>” IN FURTHERING THIS “NATION-STATE” IDEAL. </b></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The ‘Peace of Westphalia’ in 1648 can be considered as one of the important historical event which separate the Middle Ages from the modern world. In further it can be identified as a historical benchmark. Before this peace treaty the obligations among the countries were taken by the kings. During this time the royalty or the monarchy was widely accepted. So the ‘Peace of Westphalia’ is like a turning point in the history of international relations and there is no need to argue on that. Here the argumentative fact is that whether this Peace treaty has an influence on the idea of ‘nation-state’ and whether it is significant to make the idea of ‘nation-state’ more perfect in the present world. To find about that we have to move on to the principalities mentioned in the ‘Peace Treaty of Westphalia.’ Many critics have different views on the significance of this Treaty in relation to the modern world.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"> According to the ideas mentioned in the Encyclopedia BETA it presented four basic principles in relation to this Treaty. Those are; </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> 1. The principle of the sovereignty of nation-states and the concomitant fundamental right of </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> political self-determination. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">2. The principle of (legal) equality between nation-states.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">3. The principle of internationally binding treaties between states.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">4. The principle of non-intervention of one state in the internal affairs of other states. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"> [www.newworldencyclopedia.org]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">The principles which are indicated here are essential to build up the concept of ‘nation-state.’ Therefore to find out the fact that whether the ‘Peace of Westphalia’ is significant to broaden the idea of ‘nation-state’, we should get to know, whether these principalities exist in the modern world or among the modern states. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Through ‘Peace of Westphalia’ the idea of sovereignty was brought to the states. With that it brought a respect towards territorial integrity of the state and also the concepts like nationalism. It can be seen clearly through the article VI of the <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> treaty;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">“<span lang="EN" style="color: black;">According to this foundation of reciprocal Amity, and a general Amnesty, all and every one of the Electors of the sacred Roman Empire, the Princes and States (therein comprehending the Nobility, which depend immediately on the Empire) their Vassals, Subjects, Citizens, Inhabitants (to whom on the account of the Bohemian or German Troubles or Alliances, contracted here and…” [http:marx.org/history/capitalism/index.htm]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Sovereignty is a right or an authority that a nation has to be without any interaction of other states. It is the ability that a state has to make independent decisions. To be sovereign means to posses a government able to issue its own orders to its armed forces. According to Hans Morgenthau; “<place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> thus initiated a long-term trend towards the sovereignty of nation-states.” And in further he argued on the fact that with these ideas people began to have connections with their states. [http:findarticles.com] Another critic Daniel Philpot proposes three features of sovereignty emerged after the period of 1648. Those are the “creation of diplomatic offices, standards of interstate recognition, and non-intervention as a means of economic self-preservation.” [http:findarticles.com] Though the idea of sovereignty of each state became an outshined facet during the period after the Peace of Westphalia it is argumentative whether this idea exists among the world. However ,it is clearly evident the fact that, through this peace treaty there came the idea of sovereignty. But when considering the situation which occurred after the period of 1648, in the modern period most of the states do not have their sovereignty. Lynn H. Miller shows this situation in his book “Global Order” as follows; “This new impermeability of the territorially based state was and has remained a relative. During the modern period, some states have been overrun and a lesser number destroyed. Boundaries have shifted as a result of coercion” [Miller, 23] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">As firstly mentioned, sovereignty is the ability that a state has to take decisions independently. But when considering the situation of the states most of the states are unable to take decisions by themselves. Most of the time states get the help of some other states when they have to face a problematic situation. And also most of the time sovereignty of certain weak states is threatened by some other powerful states. That is what happens in the real world. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Except the sovereignty, the other principality which brought out by the Peace of Westphalia was the equality among the ‘nation-states’. The treaty of <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> points up this fact in the article number LXIV as follows;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">“<span lang="EN" style="color: black;">And to prevent for the future any Differences arising in the Politick State, all and every one of the Electors, Princes and States of the Roman Empire, are so establish’d and confirm’d in their ancient Rights, Prerogatives, Libertys, Privileges, free exercise of Territorial Right, as well Ecclesiastick, as Politick Lordships, Regales, by virtue of this present Transaction: that they never can or ought to be molested therein by any whomsoever upon any manner of pretence.” </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN" style="color: black;">[http:marx.org/history/capitalism/index.htm]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">So secondly, we can have a view on what type of equality existed among the states in different eras under the evolution of international system. During the recent period, especially after 1648, the international system was basically Euro-centric and there was a multi-polar balance of power system. States like <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">France</country-region>, <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Russia</country-region>, <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Britain</country-region>, <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Spain</country-region> and <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Austria</place></country-region> were considered as powerful. Consequently there was no equality among them. Then later countries like <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">America</country-region>, Soviet Union and <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Japan</place></country-region> emerged as powerful states. And during the cold war period there was a balance of power in between the two super powers of <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">USA</country-region> and <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">USSR</place></country-region>. It was a bi-polar balance of power. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Yet, in the contemporary period, there is no sense of equality among the states as represented in the treaty of <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place>. In the modern world, this change in equality has occurred due to many reasons that were not formed during the <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> era. It may be due to economic reasons like globalization, transnational organizations and multinational organizations. Under this new situation in the international system, some states would be economically less powerful than other states. Therefore the dominant states can have their influence on relatively weaker states. This not only alters the equality among nation-states, but also the doctrine of non-intervention. This can be seen through the problem of <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Israel</country-region> and <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Palestine</place></city>. Here <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Israel</country-region> always gets the support of <placename _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">United</placename> <placetype _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">State</placetype> and similarly, <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Palestine</place></city> from Muslim states. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">This illustrates another factor mentioned in the Peace of Westphalia, which is the principality of non-intervention for the internal affairs of the states. It shows in the article number II of the <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> treaty as follows;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">“<span lang="EN" style="color: black;">That there shall be on the one side and the other a perpetual Oblivion, Amnesty, or Pardon of all that has been committed since the beginning of these Troubles, in what place, or what manner soever the Hostilitys have been practis’d, in such a manner, that no body, under any pretext whatsoever, shall practice any Acts of Hostility, entertain any Enmity, or cause any Trouble to each other; neither as to Persons, Effects and Securitys, neither of themselves or by others, neither privately nor openly, neither directly nor indirectly, neither under the colour of Right, nor by the way of Deed, either within or without the extent of the Empire, notwithstanding all Covenants made before to the contrary…”</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"> [http:marx.org/history/capitalism/index.htm] </span><br />
<div _moz-userdefined=""></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> According to this idea, no state can intervene for the internal affairs of any other state. But the reality is most of the time the powerful states intervene the internal affairs of the weak states. However situation too happens in relation to the above mentioned economical factors.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> After considering all above cited factors there can come to a conclusion that when broadening the idea of nation-state, the peace treaty of <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> is neither significant nor insignificant. Because there are issues which can be considered as requirements to form a nation-state are mentioned in the peace treaty. But the argumentative fact is that whether these requirements exist among the states. However it is obvious that the <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> issues can form ideal and perfect nation-states. But due to the existing economic dilemma it is not practical. So in brief we can come up with a conclusion that the peace treaty of <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> is an attempt to make nation-states ideal. </div><h1><div _moz-userdefined=""><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">Bibliography</h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Jason Farr “<u>Point: the <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Westphalia</place> legacy and the modern nation-state</u>”. International Social Science Review. FindArticles.com. 02 Jul, 2009. <a href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi%20moIMR/is%203-480/ai%20n27864045/">http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi%20moIMR/is%203-480/ai%20n27864045/</a> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-46970285135110922242010-10-24T21:37:00.000-07:002010-11-11T20:25:33.988-08:00CODE SWITCHING<div class="NoSpacing" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Record and transcribe [using IPA symbols] a passage containing code-switching of about 20-30 sentences. Analysis the different types of code-switching/code-mixing that are found in the recording, suggesting and examining reasons that could trigger these occurrences. Your recording should be authentic to the Sri Lankan context</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></div><div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: justify;"> Code-switching and code-mixing are well-known traits in the speech pattern of the average bilingual in any human society the world over. This occurs when bilinguals use their ability to use more than one language during the conversation. According to Gumperz code-switching is “the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems.” [Romain, 1994] the same idea is defined by some other researchers under subtle differences as follows. Di Ptetre (1977) defines it as “the use of more than one language by communicants in the execution of a speech act.” Valdes Fallis (1976) refers to it simply as “the alteration of two languages,” and Scotton an Ury (1977) propose that “code-switching [is] the use of two or more linguistic varieties in the same conversation or interaction.” [Grosjean, 145] Furthermore <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Hudson</place></city> defines the purpose of code-mixing as follows, “…to symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right. To get the right effect the speakers balance the two languages against each other as a kind of linguistic cocktail. [<city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Hudson</place></city>, 53] However with the combination of two languages together speakers create a separate language and a distinct style of using language. Moreover this has become a common phenomenon in bilingual society. Language experts across the globe have investigated in their experiments causes, functions, characteristics and effects of code-switching and code-mixing.<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">People have positive as well as negative attitudes towards code-switching and code-mixing. Code-switching and mixing has given critical names like Franglais, the mixture of English and French, Singlish, the mixture of English and Sinhala, Tex-Mex, the mixture of English and Spanish etc. As it affects to the attrition of the mother tongue of a country some people try to avoid from this. Because they think that it wipes out the identity of the mother tongue. Furthermore they consider it as an impure use of language and with that the language becomes complicated. But at the same time some people look at it in a positive way. They consider it as a relaxing way of using language because they can express their ideas more precisely with code-switching and mixing. Grosjean considers code-switching not only as a filling of momentary linguistic need but also as a very useful communication resource. [Grosjean, 148]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">There can be seen numerous reasons for code-switching and mixing. Bilinguals most of the time think that they lack facility in one language when they are talking about a particular subject. Therefore to find the most suitable word for the subject that they are talking they switch codes. For example if we take a look at into the Sri Lankan context, Sinhala speaking community, most of them are bilinguals as they learn English as their second language. So for example when they talk on a subject matter like English literature it is difficult to find some appropriate words from Sinhala language and then they shift to English language. Li Wei also talk about the same situation “…bilingual speakers code-switch because they cannot express themselves adequately in one language.”[Wei, 15] Gumperz (1970) too defines this situation and according to him “code-switching is a communicative resource that builds on the anticipants’ perception of two contrasting languages.” [Grosjean, 152] In addition to that people shift codes to give a language familiarity and to enhance the meaning. For example while using English language people use tags like [among Sinhala speakers] “ne:də,” “ane:” etc. it is because though they can find similar linguistic features in English language the use of Sinhala words like that can enhance the meaning. And also as Li Wei pointed out “some bilinguals regularly change their speech productions from one language to another in their professional life. Interpreters and translators, for example, switch between languages as a routine part of their jobs” [Wei,15] Except to the above mentioned reasons code- switching and mixing can be taken as a stylistic way of using language especially among youth. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Sociolinguists have observed different types and degrees of code-switching and code-mixing according to the way of using it under different circumstances. Poplack (1980) identified three major types like tag-switching, inter-sentential and intra-sentential. “Tag-switching involves the insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the other language”. Since tags are subject to minimal syntactic restrictions, they may be easily inserted at a number of points in a monolingual utterance without violating syntactic rules. [Romain, 122] For example Sinhala/English bilingual community use Sinhala tags like “ne:də”, “me:”, “ane:’, “aijo:”etc and English tags like “here”, “isn’t it”, “right”, “ok” etc. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Eg: <i>Ane:</i> you are going tomorrow <i>ne:də</i>? [Sinhala tags]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <i>Here, </i>mamə hetə ennŋ <i>ok</i>. [English tags]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Inter-sentencial switching involves a switch at a clause or sentence is in one language or another. Most of the time it occurs outside the sentence or the sentence boundary. Sometimes this includes one sentence in one language and the rest of the sentence in another language. In this type of switching there should be a fluency in both languages. [Romain, 123] An example from Sinhala/ English discourse; You have to be there <i>ude: pa:ndərə[early in the morning]</i>. I don’t know dear, <i>matə enna bæ: ne [I can’t come]</i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">According to Poplack under intra-sentential switching different types of switching occurs within clause or sentence boundary. This sort of switching involves the greatest syntactic risk. And this may be avoided by the most fluent bilingual. [Romain, 123] An example from Sinhala/English discourse;<i> ane: baba: e:kə matə [oh baby for me it’s]</i> very difficult know. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> There’s nothing <i>oja boru kijanne</i>. I’m going.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">But this type of code-switching is very ragged and awkward. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">However all the above mentioned types of code-switching can be found in one discourse. Another important factor that needs to discuss is the major two variations of code-switching. One is situational code-switching where situations decide which language is the best and the other is metaphorical code-switching where the situations are not clear or ambiguous and the speaker decides to ignore the situation. [<city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Hudson</place></city>, 52] Here situational code-switching controls by the setting, participants, domain etc bet metaphorical code-switching as Gumperz [1982] put it ‘Rather than claiming that speakers use language in response to a fixed, predetermined set of perceptions, it seems more reasonable to assume that they build on their own and their audience’s abstract understanding of situational norms, to communicate metaphoric information about how they intend their words to be understood.’ [Romain, 161] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Code-switching contains discourse functions. According Gumperz functions of code- switching are quotations, addressee specification, interjections, reiteration, message qualification, personalization versus objectivization. Furthermore he explains on it in detail. According to him quotations contain where ‘code switched passages are clearly identifiable either direct quotations or as reported speech.’[Gumperz,75-81] An example from Sinhala/English discourse; Shakespear <i>kijənəva</i> ‘whole the world is a stage’ <i>kijəla</i>’ </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Gumperz looks at the function of addressee specification as the ‘switch serves to direct the message to one of several possible addressees’. Most of the time this takes place when a speaker turned to someone aside from the conversation. An example from Sinhala/English discourse, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 17px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Student/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="28" /></span>A B: you have to come on Monday</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 2;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Student/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="30" /></span>B A: ah I got the news from Raja. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 3;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Student/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="30" /></span>A C: api sandudatə ennə o:nəlu. <br />
<div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> And interjection he defines as‘sentence filler.’ Furthermore it marks an exclamation. For example; “aijo: deύijəne: [oh God] what you did?” Reiteration is to ‘repeat the message in other code, either literary or in somewhat modified form.’ This can be used to clarify the message and to emphasize the idea. For example; “What are you doing? ane: ennako, come will you.” Message qualification is to ‘qualify contractions such as sentence and verb compliments or predicates following a copula.’ [Gumperz, 78-81] For example from Sinhala/English discourse, ‘She is my eldest daughter hetə anidda campus eken out ύenəύa.’ The switch from one language to the other qualifies the previous sentence. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Borrowing is another feature that occurs when different languages mixed up. <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Hudson</place></city> defines borrowings as follows. “Code-switching and code-mixing involved mixing languages in speech; borrowing involves mixing the systems themselves, because an item is ‘borrowed’ from one language to become part of the other language. Everyday examples abound- words for foods, plants, institutions, music and so on.” [<city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Hudson</place></city>, 55] In Sinhala language too we have borrowings, the words like bus, car, fan, note, TV etc. Though we have Sinhala words for these words we do not use them and we are more familiar with English word than Sinhala word. Nowadays with the rapid development of science and technology and with the effects of globalization we get more familiar with borrowing words. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The following is a transcription of a Sri Lankan TV programme that contains Sinhala-English code-switching and mixing. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%;"> Ruveththi with Rozane </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%;"> Tv Derana 21<sup>st</sup> Feb 2010 [18.00am] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="http://www.derana.lk/">http://www.derana.lk/</a> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%;">A [Rozane]: <i>Hello how are you</i>? (01) <br />
B [Shamali]: <i>I am ok and how are you Rozane</i>? (02) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; margin-right: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">A: Shamali maŋ <i>Capello saloon</i> ekata a:<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>e mata a:raŋtѕijak a:<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a alut therapy ekak læbila tijenə<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a kijəla. mokəkdə me: alut <i>therapy </i>ekə? <i>[I came to Capello saloon I got to know that there is a new therapy] </i>(03)<i> </i><br />
<div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">B: <i>It’s a Swedish body massage</i> <i>and</i> e:kə <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><i>Australia</i></country-region><i> and <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sweden</place></country-region></i> <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ələ hæmə tænəmə tijenə ekak. (04)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> hari prəsiddə ekak hæbæi e:kə dæn lanka:<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>tə æ<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>illa <i>Capello saloon</i> eke: api e:ken <i>classes</i> patangannə<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a.<i> [it’s a famous body massage and now famous in <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</place></country-region>. In our saloon we have started classes on it] </i>(05)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i> and</i> e:kedi api ugannana<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a, <i>[there we teach]</i> <i>practicals as well as theory</i>. (06)<br />
<div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> i:təpasse <i>cause</i> eka ma:sa dekai api e:gollanta certificate ekak denə<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a. <i>[then two months course and we give a certificate after that]</i> (07)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A:hari, man hitanne api <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ædi <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>istərə katakərəmu therapy eka kərənə <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ela:<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span>e</i>mə. api ehenam Manishkage <i>therapy</i> ekakata jan. <i>[We’ll talk more in detail when the therapy is going on. We’ll go for a therapy with Manishka]</i> (08)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <i>and</i> <i>Shalini client</i> kenek oja: langətə a:<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>əmə kohomədə eja: <i>therapy</i> ekətə su:da:nəm kəranne. [<i>How do you prepare a client for a therapy?</i>] (09)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">B: api <i>client </i><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i> arəgenə eja:ge ædum a:barənə gala<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>əla towel ekak andə<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>əla, mokədə nætinam tu<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ala<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>enna pulu<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ŋ. <i>[We remove the clothes and jewelry and dress a towel otherwise the jewelry make him injured during the therapy]</i> (10)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A: <i>Right</i> palamu<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>enmə api mokakdə kəranne? <i>[What we do first?]</i>(11)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">B: palamuύenmə eja andə<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>la ædətə da:la tu<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a: <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>lin <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>hala api ejage <i>socks</i> indəla <i>tissue</i> ekak dana<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a kakula langətə. <i>[First we dress him and put him on a bed and covered him with a towel and put a tissue from his socks] </i>(12)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <i>tissue</i> ekə da:la api <i>spray</i> ekak <i>spray</i> kəranna o:nə kakulə langətə mokadə dadijə ehemə tijenə nisa nætinam therapisttə ama:rui. api ængili okkomə <i>massage</i> kərannə o:nə <i>right</i>. <i>[Then we put a sray to dry his sweat otherwise it would be difficult for the client. We have to massage his fingers]</i> (13)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i:tə passe kijənə<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>a <i>client</i> ta <i>relax</i> <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>enna kijəla <i>[Then we ask the client to be relaxed]</i> mokədə me:kə<i> [because this is] most</i> hæmə <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ele:mə <i>[always] it’s a relaxing therapy</i>.(14)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> i:təpasse<i> Aroma therapy </i>itipandam pattukərəla <i>light music soft music</i> ekak da:nnə o:nə.<i> [Next we light Aroma therapy candles and play a light music]</i> (15)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It’s our Swedish body massage. (16)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A: e:kətamai <i>environment</i> ekat a:<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>amə tamai ta<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>at <i>relax</i> <i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>enne. <i>[Yea there should be a good environment to make him relax] </i>(17)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">api monə<i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ə pa:ύtstsikərənə <i>oil</i> d<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">з</span>ati <i>[What types of oil that we can use?] </i>(18)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">B: apitə <i>market</i> eke: tijenə o:nəmə <i>oil</i> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span>argəjak gannə pulu<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span>an. Client kæməti <i>[we can get any type of oil in the market as the client wish] </i>(19)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A: api tel sa:ma:nəjen <i>heat</i> kərənəύadə? <i>[Do we heat the oil]</i> (20)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i> </i><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> According to the above transcription the first two lines of the dialogue both A and B communicates in English language. In the third line A [Rozane] switches to Sinhala where she does code-mixing. For example she uses the word saloon and therapy. Here the word therapy can be taken as a borrowing as it is difficult to find an exact word for that to give the idea of therapy. Though there are certain words those words don’t give the sense that the word therapy gives. Line number three is an example for inter-sentential code-switching. Moreover it implies that B [Shamali] is fluent in both languages. Next is a line with code-mixing. Line number six begins with a tag. It indicates that she is more familiar with English language than Sinhala because she uses the word ‘and’ which is from English language. And the line continues with an intra-sentential code-switching. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Next line by using the words such as cause, certificate B uses code-mixing. Here the word cause can be taken as a borrowing because nowadays among Sri Lankans this word is familiar than the Sinhala word. Line number eight A switches to English language with the borrowing word therapy. Line after that starts with a tag-switching by using the word and. And the use of the word client is an example for code-mixing. In the next line too the speaker mixes codes with the words client and towel. Next line begins with the tag, right and continues with Sinhala language. Code-mixing can be seen in line number twelve with the words socks and tissue. In line thirteen the speaker uses code-mixing as well as tag- switching. Code-mixing can be seen through the words such as spray, massage. And tag-switching can be seen with the word right. In the next line the speaker uses code-mixing with inter-sentential code-switching. Because the sentence starts in Sinhala language with code-mixing but it ends with English language. There we see a reiteration word also. The English word ‘<i>most’ </i>and the Sinhala word<i> </i>‘hæmə <i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ύ</span></i>ele:mə’ give the same meaning. In the dialogue to highlight what she says she uses these similar words from both languages. Line fifteen contains inter-sentential code switching and a borrowing, <i>Aroma therapy</i>. Next line can be taken as a part of the above line and it is an example for intra-sentential code-switching. Next the dialogue continues with code-mixing by using the words like environment, relax, oil etc. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> As Spolsky states, “the selection of a language by a bilingual, especially when speaking to another bilingual, carries a wealth of social meaning. Each language becomes a virtual guise for the bilingual speaker, who can change identity as easily as changing a hat, and can use language choice as a way of negotiating social relations with an interlocutor.” [Spolsky, 50] During this process the factors like code-switching, mixing and borrowing occur. Therefore it is a natural process. As Eastman points out ‘we must free ourselves of the need to categorize any instance of seemingly non-native material in language as a borrowing or a switch.’ [Romaine, 180] Though it contains good aspects as well as bad aspects, according to my point of view code-switching, mixing and borrowing are common factors that bilinguals are using when they communicate with another bilingual. Nowadays with the factors like globalization people get familiar with more than one language. And as a result of that most of native languages are under the influence of foreign languages. Therefore it is difficult to get rid of a phenomenon like code-switching. </div><h1 style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><div><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">Bibliography</h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Susan, R (1994). <u>Bilingualism</u>, 2nd ed, Blackwell, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR">Gumperz, J.J (1982). <u>Discourse Strategies</u>. </span><city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Cambridge</city>: <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><placename _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Cambridge</placename> <placetype _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">University</placetype></place> Press.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Hudson</place></city></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Francoise Grosjean <u>Life with two languages</u>: An Introduction to bilingualism.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Wei, L Dimensions of Bilingualism </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">Spolsky, B (1998). <u>Sociolinguistics</u>. <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><placename _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Oxford</placename> <placetype _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">University</placetype></place> Press. <state _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">New York</place></state>.</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-90522669697852092312010-10-07T23:22:00.000-07:002010-11-17T22:23:08.219-08:00SRI LANKAN STUDIES<div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tbody> </tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">SUGGEST RULES OR STRATEGIES TO TEACH LEARNERS TO RECOGNISE AND ARTICULATE THIS DIFFERENTIATION.</span><br />
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</div><div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; padding: 1pt 4pt;"><div align="center" class="ListParagraph" style="border: medium none; margin-left: 0.25in; padding: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16pt;">INTRODUCTION </span><br />
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</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">/s/ and /z/ sounds can be taken as two problematic sounds that Sri Lankans have when they get familiar with Standard English. If we take these sounds separately it is clearly evident the fact that these two sounds have different value. </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> According to Charles Kenneth Thomas’ description in his book on the phonetics of American English he describes the sound /s/ as “a voiceless alveolar fricative which requires a delicate adjustment of the speech mechanism.”[pg55] Next he scientifically explains what exactly happens when pronouncing the /s/ sound. “First the sides of the tongue must be raised enough to force the air through a narrow groove along the mid line of the tongue. Then the air must be directed against the cutting edges of the lower teeth the velar valve must be closed, and the jaw must be high enough to bring the teeth together or almost together. The tip of the tongue must not come in contact with either the upper teeth or the upper gums.”[pg55] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And also he defines the sound /z/ as “a voiced alveolar fricative formed with substantially the same tongue position as /s/ but with the vocal bands vibrating and with slightly less breath force” [pg57] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The sound /s/ “occurs in initial position in the words like sit /sit/, same /se:m/. Medial position in the words like essay /ese: /. Final position in the words like chess /t∫ es/, bus /b</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Λ</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s/, hiss /his/. In word initial cluster snake /sne:k/, smoke /smo:k/, slow /slo:/. And also it occur in the words final cluster tents /tents/, lips /lips/, texts /teksts/”.[Gimson 185] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“/s/ occurs with variety of spellings, for example s in the words like see, ss in pass, sc in scent, sch in schism, c in race and z in waltz. The letter x represents /ks/ in box. The letter s, on the other hand represents a variety of other sounds as in sure, rose and measure. It is silent in a few words, such as island.” [Thomas 56] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The sound /z/ “occurs in initial position in the words like zoo /zu:/, zest /zest/. Medial position in the words like absorb / bz b/, president /pr zid nt/. Final position in the words like is /i:z/, was /w z/. Word final cluster ribs /ribz/, films /filmz/.” [Gimson 186] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“It also occurs with variety of spelling, z in the words like zone, zz in the words like dizzy, s gives the /z/ sound in the words like rose and ss in the words like dissolve. Sometimes x represents the sound z in the words like exist.” [Thomas 57] </span><br />
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</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">To identify the differentiation between these two sounds there have some rules. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
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</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daniel Jones introduces some rules in his outline of English phonetics to identify the differentiation of these two sounds. According to him “The <b>s</b> denoting the plural nouns or third person singular of verbs is pronounced <b>s </b>when the preceding sound is a voiceless consonant. E.g. cats <b>kæts</b>, takes <b>teiks</b>, laughs <b>la:fs</b>”[pg 187] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And also he pointed out the fact that “Final s is preceded by one of the letters a, i, o, u or y is pronounced <b>s</b>. (when not mute) e.g. gas <b>gæ:s</b>, atlas <b>ætl s</b>, this <b>ðis</b>, basis <b>be:sis</b>, chaos <b>kei s</b>. us <b> </b></span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Λ</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> or <b>s</b>, genius <b>d i:nj</b> <b>s</b>, precious <b>pre∫ s</b>, Gladys <b>glædis</b>. The only exceptions are the influenced forms of nouns and verbs (e.g. plays <b>pleiz</b>, was <b>w z</b> or <b>w</b> <b>z</b>,)and the single words his <b>hiz</b> (weak form <b>iz</b>) as æ:z (weak form z) whereas <b>wε ræz</b>. [pg 187] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And also when the morpheme /-s/ is affixed to a sibilant consonant then the morpheme /-s/ is pronounced /ez/ in Sri Lankan English and /iz/ in Standard English. For example the words like buses / b</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Λ</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s z/, matches / mæt∫ z/ , boxes /b ks z/ </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sometimes when the morpheme /-s/ is affixed to a voiced consonant or a vowel it is pronounced /z/. The words like cars /ka:z/, pianos /piano:z/, buys /baiz/. </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In the stems where the letter c is used it is often pronounced /s/ and never /z/. The words like peace /pi:s/, face /fe:s/, mice /mais/ </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">/se/ is sometimes pronounced /s/ in word final position. For example the words like noose /nu:s/, loose (N) /lu:s/ </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">/s/ is pronounced /z/ between voiced sounds. The words like cosmetic /k zm tik/, president /pr zid nt/. </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">/se/ is sometimes pronounced /z/ in word final position. The words like phrase /fre:z/, nose /no:z/ [Lecture notes] </span><br />
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</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Problems that Sri Lankans have regarding to these two sounds. </span><br />
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</div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">W</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hen considering the problems of differentiation that Sri Lankans have on the sound /s/ and /z/, the most evident problem is that Sri Lankans are not familiar with the sound /z/. Sinhala and Tamil speakers have only /s/ sound. So most of the time when there should use the sound /z/ they use the sound /s/. According to H.A Passé “there is no “voice correlation” for /s/ in Sinhalese and Tamils. The function of English z has.”[pg302] To show this he has given some examples comparing Received Pronunciation and <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Ceylon</place></country-region> pronunciation. </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RP: CP </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zoo /zu/ /su:/ </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Noise /n iz/ /n is/ </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senses /sensiz/ /sens s/ [pg302] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Another important problem that Sri Lankans have is when /s/ occurs in word initial cluster they have some difficulty of pronouncing it. For example the words like school, sprite, snake, skirt, stamp etc they use the pronunciations like /isku:l/, /isprait/, /isne:k/, /isk t/, /istæ:mp/. This is also a common problem that can be seen in <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Ceylon</place></country-region> pronunciation. And sometimes people go to overcorrect their pronunciation to avoid of this mispronunciation and end up with mispronouncing the word again. T.Kandiah gives some examples for this: “sees /zi:z/, kisses /kiz: z/, mixed /migz/, dressed /drezd/”.[pg160 ] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And H.A Passé also shows another factor in the same problem, “ In effort to use /z/ correctly these speakers sometimes fall into the error of substituting /z/ for English /s/, as in <u>peace </u>pronouncing <u>peas</u> and <u>peace</u> alike as /pi:z/ [302] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And also most of the time they follow the spelling of the word and compare the pronunciation, words with similar pronunciation, because there is no rule that can be followed to identify this differentiation. According to H.A Passé “there is no rule governing the distribution of the sounds /s/ and /z/, to where /s/ occurs in the spelling. The pronunciation has to be learnt from other speakers or from a dictionary for each word individually” [pg303] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">We have number of reasons for this situation. Main reason is that Sri Lankans are not having a symbol for sound /z/. Therefore they are not familiar with /z/ sound. Though there are people who are aware of the correct pronunciation they don’t use it because the society is not ready to accept such different pronunciation. This happens due to the education system that Sri Lankans have. Though English is Sri Lankans’ second language and though they learn English from the primary education, there is not a proper way of teaching English pronunciation. Sometimes students when they cannot remember the pronunciation use to write down the English pronunciation by using Sinhala or Tamil words. Then they don’t see any differentiation in English pronunciation. But after the primary and secondary education, in the university level if they study English as a subject then they get a chance to learn proper pronunciation. But at that time it is difficult to change the way of pronouncing that once practiced from the childhood. Another important factor is that most of English teachers in the country are not aware of proper pronunciation. So the pronunciation of students depends on the teachers who teach English as a subject. </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It is not easy to avoid a situation like this. When we learn another language there should need a proper system to teach it. English is the second language of <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</place></country-region>. So when learn the language it is important to give the priority to its pronunciation. The most important thing that can be done is to give a good training to the English teachers especially to the primary teachers. And it is important to teach phonetics from the childhood. Listening is also an important factor. It is because people easily get familiar with what they hear. So it is important to do listening activities for children. There should have proper books in the country to identify the differentiation of <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Ceylon</place></country-region> pronunciation with standard pronunciation. Sue F. Miller gives out some examples in his book Targeting Pronunciation as follows to identify the two different sounds /s/ and /z/. </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="NoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A [voiceless final constituents] B [voiced final constituent] </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Bus - I can see the bus. 1. Buzz – I can hear the buzz.</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Price - what is the price? 2. Prize – I won the prize.</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Peace – let’s hope for peace. 3. Peas – They are eating peas [pg122]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H. Prator and B.W Robinett gave out a fine solution in Manual of American English Pronunciation, to avoid the problems that occur when pronouncing the words with /s/ in initial cluster. “A particularly difficult consonant cluster is one which begins with an initial s followed by another consonant (/st-/ stop)or by a consonant plus an /r/ or /l/ (/str-/ string, /spl-/ splash). Students whose mother tongue does not permit such sequences are tempted to precede these clusters with a vowel sound: state is pronounced as /esteyt/, spirit as /espirit/, scrap as /eskræp/. This type of mispronunciation can usually be avoided by concentrating on the /s/- sound and consciously lengthening it: /s—teyt/, /s—pirit/, /s—kræp/.” [pg151] So the same way can be used in Sri Lankan Pronunciation. And by having this type of solutions we can avoid most of pronunciation problems that we have. </span><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">BIBLIOGRAPHY </span></b><br />
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</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Grimson A.C, <u>An Introduction to the pronunciation of English</u>, The English Language book society and Edward Arnold (publishers) Ltd, <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">London</place></city>. (1970)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!<span style="font-family: Calibri;">ones, <u>Daniel. An outline of English Phonetics</u> (9<sup>th</sup> ed), W. Heffer & Sons Ltd, <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Cambridge</place></city>. (1969)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Kandiah. <u>T, The teaching of Problems in Ceylon</u>, Volume xv (pg160)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Thomas, Kenneth. <u>An Introduction to “The Phonetics of American English”</u>,(2<sup>nd</sup> ed), The Roland Press Company, <state _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">New York</place></state>. (1950)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Miller S.F, <u>Targeting Pronunciation</u>, Houghton Mifflin Company, <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Boston</city>, <state _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">New York</state></place>. (2000)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Passé H.A, <u>The English Language of Ceylon</u>, chapter 6, Unpublished Dissertation, University of London, (1948) (pg 223-360)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Prator C.H, Robinett B.W, <u>Manual of American English Pronunciation</u> (3<sup>rd</sup> ed) Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">United States</place></country-region>, (1951) </span><br />
<div></div></div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-87264269299826246002010-10-06T05:30:00.001-07:002012-07-01T22:31:19.480-07:00POEMS<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You
are..... The MIRROR My LOVE</span></b></div>
My Love,<br />
You are a mirror that gives<br />
the Perfect Reflection of me<br />
You perceive<br />
when there's a slight change<br />
in me<br />
I know, My Love,<br />
It is not the same image<br />
you depict every second<br />
It varies,<br />
as it is the law of nature<br />
Yet My Love,<br />
You are Pure and<br />
You Absorb me<br />
I see the Truth as you don't<br />
create false images<br />
Nor other illusory reflection can<br />
replace you<br />
And ... It is only you my love,<br />
You mirror the exact me<br />
with all my sentiments...<br />
And it is you that bind us<br />
always with better Understanding<br />
The Reflection you bestowed<br />
Is the Perfect Union of LOVE<br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b></span></i></b></span></i></b></span></i></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj29RWnQ7yTADZvPtGWwMDMhG1NIlvjJW3osDfJaa0uOxWBmXVJzQU9M_R-Qv66nZy1Qyx5Kgub4d7KOrIFPmMv0WgbWo5YwpFCm9DSLF6zmF7R2WUJzbVsW5H-OO-Ph36VSDC4Qn2bA5jw/s1600/love-sign-1_thumb.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj29RWnQ7yTADZvPtGWwMDMhG1NIlvjJW3osDfJaa0uOxWBmXVJzQU9M_R-Qv66nZy1Qyx5Kgub4d7KOrIFPmMv0WgbWo5YwpFCm9DSLF6zmF7R2WUJzbVsW5H-OO-Ph36VSDC4Qn2bA5jw/s320/love-sign-1_thumb.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b></span></i></b></span></i></b></span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Love</span></i></b></span></i></b></span></i></b></span></i></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmYSBwrqmgWVmeOHJHbinZErOA4SoA9MSKcPh_0z-sP2fe27qk04cs54yogE86byO1VWBnmysuCLFuEwPTr6MFNTO-AmSQTohXk1ezgW-z_qW9ZAhpi9lp-zXKNT706jxWWcdEIsPLGM5L/s1600/69fce3748cba42b28b8dfdefbaad93af.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmYSBwrqmgWVmeOHJHbinZErOA4SoA9MSKcPh_0z-sP2fe27qk04cs54yogE86byO1VWBnmysuCLFuEwPTr6MFNTO-AmSQTohXk1ezgW-z_qW9ZAhpi9lp-zXKNT706jxWWcdEIsPLGM5L/s320/69fce3748cba42b28b8dfdefbaad93af.gif" width="320" /></a></span></i></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><div style="display: inline !important; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div style="display: inline !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There was a cold war,</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">not between two parts of the world </span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">but between you and me.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Instead of mass weapons </span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">we had single weapon</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">which was LOVE</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">You hit me once with it</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Next I did the same</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Once twice no no more than that</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I thought to use the weapon of extreme LOVE</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">But you too had it.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Finally we took the extreme weapon we had</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and exploded </span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">then emotions of love shattered into pieces</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and covered us</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">War ended, Love continued.</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">LORD MIND AND THE RULERS</span></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Though people live in one world physically,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Emotionally they live in their own mind made worlds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Where they find different rulers like;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Happiness, sadness, fortune, misfortune, isolation etc</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">But those rulers govern the kingdom under the lord of MIND.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Because it is MIND who decides which ruler is the best?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Nowadays lord MIND has chosen the king of isolation </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">to rule my world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">So, I can’t go against that.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">But I am writing this verse to the king of your world who is the king of happiness to send a battle to destroy the king of isolation in my world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">I got the permission of my MIND lord for that,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">What do you think?<br />
Will you be able to change my ruler from ISOLATION-HAPPINESS?</span><br />
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<shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 115.5pt; margin-left: 249pt; margin-top: 3.2pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 166.5pt; z-index: 1;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata o:title="Ahsan 27" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.jpg"></imagedata></shape><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Love & eternity</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">God created every human being as unique creature</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">There, each soul keeps certain individuality,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">But in the matter of love we pair our individuality with</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">another soul.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Like two sides of a coin,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Though each side represents certain individuality,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">But there is only one value.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Love binds us together and it makes a whole </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">by pairing two souls together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">But there, if one tries to keep certain individuality within oneself</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">That would damage the eternity of love</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">That’s why my love you have to carry my soul everywhere you go </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">and keep it beside you. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">We two have to do like that to give an eternal value for our love…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">My Heart</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 31px;"><br />
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; line-height: 15px;"></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;">My heart is like sky & it changes time to time</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;">you be the sun & the moon that light my heart.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
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<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;">But dark clouds, thundering & lightening may cover your brightness</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;">& that makes my sky dark, dull & gloomy </span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;">& reacts with heavy rain.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;">So my love be wind too to wipe out rain, clouds & all</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC'; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC';"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Tempus Sans ITC';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><h2 class="uiHeaderTitle" style="color: #1c2a47; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" tabindex="0">
Impressive Impressions</h2>
<div>
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</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">God has given you one face</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yet with more emotions, sensations and sentiments</span></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The face of every human is a colorful diary filled with thoughts</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The endless chapters on it get more colorful</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With your different sentiments like:</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Happiness, sadness, anxiety, ecstasy, depression </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yet, it is endless</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A spontaneous overflow of mimicry</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On your lovely charming visage</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Making you and others write narrations on that</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">You refer it and get a vision on yourself and others</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is true; the true impressions can reflect on you</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">And others as well</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Let your impressive impressions scatter into pieces</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">And reveal yourself to you and others</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
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</span></div>
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</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-47627996409979185982010-10-06T04:37:00.000-07:002011-03-24T00:54:08.127-07:00INTERNATIONAL RELATION<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DO YOU CONSIDER INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AS A DISTINCT DISCIPLINE? GIVE REASONS TO YOUR ANSWER.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFK1D7Pc5fIh0n1p1c0CiStVC_pDH8JMAONY8zF6cAt7U-zmeWZlvyp6uY9olLy1_xsEU96wtms18mtteLktoSI4Tbeu7S1wAxM4R4hGKdkAwyWZ0dr3LVEVCVxmtYF3RLpI8Vo98P683i/s1600/international-relations1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFK1D7Pc5fIh0n1p1c0CiStVC_pDH8JMAONY8zF6cAt7U-zmeWZlvyp6uY9olLy1_xsEU96wtms18mtteLktoSI4Tbeu7S1wAxM4R4hGKdkAwyWZ0dr3LVEVCVxmtYF3RLpI8Vo98P683i/s1600/international-relations1.jpg" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">When we consider international relations as a distinct discipline, it should be different from other fields of study. Therefore we have to think whether the field of international relations is different from sociology, economics or any other subject. It is because the subjects such as sociology, economics and political science have characteristics which are totally different from each other. Therefore a subject can be considered as a distinct discipline when it has acquired specific characteristic features. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> “A discipline implies a set of skills and techniques; a body of theory and of propositions; and subject matter. This assertion is perhaps necessarily a bit vague and subject to judgmental discriminations, for the astrophysicist, the biophysicist, and the microphysicist share some skills of techniques, some matters of theory and of propositional import, and the common subject matter of physics only at an appropriate level of generalization. This vagueness at the boundary, however, need not distress us, for when we turn to international relations, as the subject matter involving transactions across national boundaries; it is immediately evident that these transactions come within the purview of many different recognized disciplines. For example, international trade comes within the purview of economics; international religious movements and cultural diffusion patterns may be studied by the sociologist; international tensions may come within the province of the psychologist; and wars, international political movements, and patterns of alliance fall within the realm of political science.” [Kaplan 06] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> International relations as a discipline deals with policies developments and interactions, the effects of which cross the national boundaries and affect the lives of people in different countries of the world. There were relations among the states from the past, even before the modern states were formed. Though they were not systematic and regular the ancient civilizations had their own transactions. Therefore these relations can be taken as evidences to prove that the concept of international relation was there in the world from the time of ancient civilization. Even at that time philosophers have recognized this but they did not analyzed, and even though they analyzed relations there was something lacking. It has been already recognized by the scholars of some other disciplines. In the present context, international relations have become more integrated with other spheres of study as a result of technological development. Therefore today defining international relations can be modified according widened scope of relations. Even at the time of civilization period there were interactions among civilizations though they were not systematic, frequent and regular. Next there were transactions among modern territorial sovereign states. Those transactions were systematic, frequent and regular. The Treaty of Westphalia was a recognizable event for the international relations. Then there was a period of revolution mainly with three revolutions; industrial, French and American revolutions. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Though the concept of international relations was deeply rooted in the world from the past the question whether it is a distinct discipline remains as a question. But when we gather information on the growth and development of the international relations there can be seen certain characteristic features such as;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>I.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>A distinct field</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>II.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Frequently adopted concepts</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>III.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Analytical methods and approaches</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>IV.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Theories and a specialized vocabulary</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Martin Smith in his article on “The Growth of a Discipline” talks about the main concepts and approaches of international relations. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> “International relations emerged as a separate discipline in the aftermath of the First World War. For centuries previously the subject was a province variously of law, philosophy, history and other disciplines; each with its own way of seeing the world” [Martin, Steve.16] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> The first approach under international relations was the idealistic approach. Idealistic approach to analysis of international relations brought about a change in the earlier studies in that field. It was developed into a specific discipline or a field of study through the contribution of many intellectuals who responded to the concept that intellectual behavior of the states could be altered in relation to the idealistic perspective. Furthermore “The Idealist/Reformers took the view that the system could be reformed, improved and managed better - and they showed how this could be done.”[Dunn] This was the specific feature that highlighted the international relations as a distinct field.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> The idealistic approach was a failure because it could not achieve its main purpose of perpetual peace and The League of Nation was also a failure. Later on another idea arose following the failure of idealistic approach in international relations, stating that power is the main intention or purpose of states that initiate their behavior in the global context. It was named as realism by the people who developed and who argued on this topic. It was Hans J. Morgenthau who added and modified new principles and theories to this discipline which clarified the significance importance of studying international relations. According to realism the power was their main intention. They argued that idealistic reformers “were wrong-headed, over-optimistic and - more pertinently - misunderstood the nature of political power at the international level.” [Dunn].But the concept of power in international relations is totally different from political science. According to him to understand the behavior of the state, unlike idealist, we should consider, “human nature as it is and not as it ought to be, and with historical events as they have occurred, not as they should have occurred.” [Martin, Steve. 23]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> John Vasquez in a book entitled power politics argued on the main assumptions of realism which further confirms that international relations as a distinct field of study. The three central assumptions that he mentioned are as follows. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Nation states or their decision makers are the most important actors for understanding international relations. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>There is a sharp distinction between domestic politics and international politics.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>International relation is a struggle for power and peace. Understanding how and why that struggle occurs and suggesting ways for regulating-it is the purpose of the discipline. All research that is not at least indirectly related to this purpose is trivial. [Martin,Steve.31]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> After 1960 the international relations was changed from classical approaches to modern approaches like scientific, behavioral and systems approach. After that international relations became more systematic and scientific based more on scientific theories, empirical data and analysis. When think about the concept of behavioralism, this concept was not included in the initial stage of international relations when it began as a discipline. When we distinguish behavioralism within international relations, the specific terminology, way of seeing, observation indicate the distinction between other natural sciences and international relations as a social science. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Though the techniques were derived from natural sciences the concept of studying human behavior in this approach much more related to social science rather than not static in natural science theories. This is another boundary where we can detach international relations from natural sciences as it observes human behavior. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Systems approach was a result of attempts which made to study international relation as any systematic way. Through this approach many concepts in international relations as a discipline could be well understood. There can be seen distinct concepts of international relations such as national interest, power, security, survival, intervention, interdependence etc. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> For example if we take the concept of national interest is explained and studied under systems approach as the initial interest of a nation state, which is the constituent of the international system. This concept is studied only in international relations and it cannot be studied under any other field of study.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Even though many approaches were introduced into international relations it did not change the foundation of the discipline. Through every approach each scholar and each philosopher tried to defined international relations according to their point of view. Their central focus was on state as the main actor in international relation. This is ultimate and most important factor in clarifying international relations among other disciplines. That is international relations is the study of relations between the “distinct political entities in a system of self-help, devoid of central authority, where the question of order was of primary importance, given the problems associated with war, where it was taken as axiomatic that the outbreak of war was symptomatic of disorder.” [<city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Burton</place></city>] which can also be suggested as “decentralization of power” </div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><div style="line-height: 150%;">For further explanation scholars attempted to fix core meanings of international relations by referring them in terms of</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;">i) Decentralization</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> ii) Self-help</div><div style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> iii) Anarchy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> The above mentioned three characteristics have an inter relation. When having a wide view on these characteristics there can be identified that there is not central governance among states. For example nearly two hundred states do not have central governance and they have a governance of central authority. Furthermore if we take the international court, nations agree to it if only they like. Self-help also can be taken as a fact which comes with decentralization. It is because when the states do not have centralized governance they themselves have to work for their security and defense, but this does not mean that they do not have relations and agreements with other states. According to that self-help become a distinct feature in international relations. When the states work for self-help there can have anarchy. Though the states have laws and traditions for themselves, when they do not have centralized authority it can creates anarchy. Therefore according to the above explanation it can be said that decentralization, self-help and anarchy have turned international relations into a distinct discipline.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> <br />
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Today people in different countries of the world studied international relations as a separate subject. They studied it like that because of its distinct features. Olson in his article on “Growing Pains of a Discipline: Its Phases, Ideals, and Debates” says; “Today International Relations as a separate subject is widely accepted in the United Kingdom, France, and other European countries” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Therefore according to the above explanations International Relations is a distinct discipline which has acquired characteristic features of its own. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"> <u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Works Cited</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 175.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -1.9in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Maya/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Dunn, J, David, <u>John Burton and the Study of International Relations: an </u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 39pt;"> <u>Assessment</u> http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol6_1/Dunn.htm. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 39pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 175.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -1.9in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Maya/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Hilts, Martin, and Smith, Steve<u>. Explaining and Understanding International </u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> <u>Relations</u>. <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Oxford</place></city>, Clavendor Press, 1996.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 175.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.9in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Maya/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Olson, William etal, <u>The Theory and Practice of International Relations</u>. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 39pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-56542048363455409712010-10-06T04:35:00.000-07:002011-03-24T00:34:58.816-07:00Absalom and Achitophel<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSdy3fuTdhf5Ls13G3rNWQtJ1k1M7ggJOuXX7M70IlWdcNIg3SNtV_7gncIcLjv06EH3D7PU3ej-TXsFhXrD980Z92tLI9glhZPN1YpN8I93PcqjNhbHxIiWERMvqMHhIlOc9_EzsSOa7U/s1600/aaa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSdy3fuTdhf5Ls13G3rNWQtJ1k1M7ggJOuXX7M70IlWdcNIg3SNtV_7gncIcLjv06EH3D7PU3ej-TXsFhXrD980Z92tLI9glhZPN1YpN8I93PcqjNhbHxIiWERMvqMHhIlOc9_EzsSOa7U/s320/aaa.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><br />
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The poem “Absalom and Achitophel” is a political satire concerning events that occurred during the reign of Charles ll of <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">England</place></country-region>. However since Dryden couldn’t write about these events openly he cloaked them in a biblical story of events that took place in the reign of King David which were of a parallel nature. Charles ll becomes King David, Monmouth becomes Absalom, and Shaftesbury becomes Achitophel. So that Monmouth revolt against Charles ll instigated by Shaftesbury is presented as Absalom’s revolt against David instigated by Achitophel.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> As Microsoft Encarta puts it “a masterful parable in heroic couplets, it employs biblical characters and incidents to ridicule the Whig attempt to make the duke of Monmouth, rather than the duke of York (the future King James II), successor to King Charles II. [Encarta 2004] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Two basic poetic techniques used by Dryden are the rhyming couplet and satire. Absalom was an illegitimate child of King David. And the opening lines of the poem are a satirical comment on the promiscuous nature of David. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> “…And, wide as his Command,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Scatter’d his Maker’s Image through the Land.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Dryden then goes on to present a portrait of Absalom. Absalom is presented as beautiful and brave. As the bible says; “There was no one in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Israel</place></country-region> as famous for his good looks as Absalom; he had no defect from head to foot. His hair was very thick…” [ll Samuel 14; 25, 26]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">However Dryden introduces an element of satire even here.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">“Whether inspired by some diviner Lust,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> …By mainly Beauty to Imperial Sway.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">The biblical story contains no irony but is a straightforward account. Dryden, in relating it to contemporary events gives it an ironic twist. Absalom however is not without faults while in David’s case his promiscuity is shown in terms of excesses. Dryden uses the same technique in describing Absalom’s qualities – while he is seen as a brave warrior in war, in peace he is shown “as he was only born for Love.” The major flow in Absalom is presented by Dryden is that he was no more than a spoiled youth. David refuses to see his faults and his excesses were crowned over as adventures of youth. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">“Some warm excesses, which the law forbore,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Were constru’d Youth that purg’d by boiling o’r:” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">The excesses being “warm” were obviously not small ones but the irony lies in the consideration that however warm they were he should be allowed to get over them by indulging in them. The irony gets worse in the next couplet where a murder by Absalom is covered up as a just revenge for an insult. The irony here made more stronger by the consideration that everyone has faults and it becomes strengthen by the indication that the excesses that were overlooked and condoned were not miner ones but major ones which in any other circumstances would be dealt with under the law. The understatement of “warm” excesses only serves to make the forbearance of the law that much more unacceptable. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> The picture then of Absalom is that of a spoilt youth who has his own way and is pampered by his father. The crowning irony of the portrait comes in the final couplet which is a comment not only on David and Absalom but also on the times.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> The pentameter and the rhyming couplet have the potential for both contrasting ideas and strengthening of a single idea to bring out the ironical attitude of the poet. For instance in these lines “Whether inspired … to imperial Sway” we find balance that reinforces the ironical tone. The same technique is seen in these lines.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> “In peace the thoughts of War…born for Love”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> The portrait of Absalom contains characteristic features of the neoclassical era, such as simplicity, clarity, order, good sense and decorum. The portrait appears to present the character in a simple narrative/ discursive manner. But it contains beneath this surface a very strong tone of irony. The restraint in the poetry lies in the control of the irony, what Dryden calls in his preface to the poem “sweetness in good verse, which Tickles even while it Hurts” the clarity of the portrait lies in the presentation of those features without ornamentation which bring out the irony. Order and decorum are found in the pattern [structure] of the opening section. The poem starts with a historical setting in time and moves on to the particular situation of David and his kingdom. Order is also seen in the poetic convention of the pentameter and the rhyming couplet which were chosen form of the neoclassical poetry. Good sense lies in the refined irony. There is no harshness but a lightness – that sweetness which Dryden has said tickles while it hurts. Dryden says in the preface to the poem “the true end of satire is the amendment of vices by correction and he who writes honestly, is no more an enemy to the offender than the physician to the patient...” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Dryden’s description of the character of Absalom contains those features that can be found not only in Dryden’s poetry but also reflect the concerns of neoclassical poetry. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"> <u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Works Cited</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Maya/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>“Dryden, John” <u>Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe</u>. 2004 ed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Maya/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><u>Good News Bible</u>, Caledonian International Book Manufacturing Ltd, Glasgow, Britain.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340115336843815785.post-23362700168723835132010-10-05T06:50:00.001-07:002010-11-18T22:54:03.353-08:00GLOBALIZATION<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 22pt;">RESEARCH ON GLOBALIZATION, CULTURE <span style="font-size: x-large;">and</span> ;NATIONAL IDENTITY</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;">INTERVIEWER – 01</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NAME</u></b> ADEESHA ARUNDHIKA HETTIGE</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>AGE</u> </b>24 YRS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>DATE OF BIRTH</u></b> 1984- 05-11</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>RELIGION</u></b> BUDDHISM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NATIONALITY</u></b> SINHALA</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</u></b> UNDERGRADUATE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">COLOMBO</place></city>; HEALTH SCIENCE UNIT.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>PROFESSION</u></b> STUDENT</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>CIVIL STATUS</u></b> SINGLE</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>ADDRESS</u></b> <b> </b> NO; 45, <street _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"></street><br />
<address w:st="on">SCHOOL AVENUE</address>, RATHTHANAPITIYA, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> BORALASGAMUWA.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>TELEPHONE NUMBER</u> </b>26786900</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTERVIEW [01]</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><shapetype _moz-userdefined="" coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><stroke _moz-userdefined="" joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas _moz-userdefined=""><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f _moz-userdefined="" eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path _moz-userdefined="" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></path><lock _moz-userdefined="" aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape _moz-userdefined="" id="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 97.15pt; margin-left: 153pt; margin-top: 12.8pt; position: absolute; width: 64.35pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata _moz-userdefined="" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.png"></imagedata><wrap _moz-userdefined="" side="right" type="square"></wrap></shape><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I feel that it is an important concept that should be in the minds of the people in every country. It is because we want the concept of globalization to develop as a country and to compete with the other countries of the world. We got to know a large amount of new things with this concept especially the advancement of science and technology.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">HOW DO YOU GET TO KNOW ABOUT THIS CONCEPT?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">First I get to know about this concept with the school education. But the school education on globalization did not give any sense for me. Then later on with the television media, I began feel what is globalization. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU WATCH TELEVISION? AND WHAT KIND OF PROGRAMMES THAT YOU LIKE MOST?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Ah! Programmes like Discovery, Doramadalava, News, Newspaper programmes and I like to watch new music programmes like Super Star, Dancing Stars…<b><i></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU EXPECT BY WATCHING THOSE PROGRAMMES?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Mainly knowledge and entertainment, and I like to watch television as a leisure time activity.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE PROGRAMMES FOR YOUTHS?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I think, nowadays anyone who has a certain talent on something can easily show it to the world through this kind of programmes. I consider it as a good opportunity especially for youths. But earlier these types of things limited only for the people in towns, but now the people even in rural areas can show their talents to the world.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">ACCORDING TO YOUR VIEW, DO THOSE PROGRAMMES HAVE A CERTAIN EFFECT ON SRILANKAN CULTURE?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> I think so. Those programmes have good effects as well as bad effects and people always get attracted to bad things than good things, when we have a look on the people in the present society it is clearly evident. It can be identified through today’s fashions, habits, customs and the way of speaking. I feel that everything has been modified and changed. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">SO, HOW DO YOU SEE THAT CHANGE? IS IT GOOD OR BAD?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">No, when we think about our country we have an identity of our own. There is only one <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</place></country-region> in the world. We should protect our identity. Here I do not mean that we should be like the frogs in a well. There should be a change and we should move with rapid advancement of technology. But at the same time we should protect our own roots. I mean that when a Srilankan goes to a foreign country there should be a difference between the foreigners and the Srilankan which can be identified the Srilankan as a Srilankan. So, I think that we should go further with other countries while protecting our national identity. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">OK, YOU TALKED ABOUT DIFFERENT FACETS OF OUR SOCIETY. SO AS A YOUNG GIRL WHAT TYPE OF IDEA THAT YOU HAVE ABOUT TODAY’S FASHIONS ESPECIALLY THE FASHIONS THAT YOU SEE IN THE TELEVISION MEDIA? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Oh! There is not a special dislike, but not over fashions. I think it is good that we can watch different fashions with media. But I do not accept the fashions which are not suitable to our culture, because nowadays we see that television channels competitively show different types of fashions in media which do not go with our culture. But there is one thing to say. Here I don’t mean that they are doing a correct thing. If those channels do not show us the fashions in other countries and new trends, how do we get to know on those things? But it is true that today’s media has completely forgotten its responsibility but we also should have certain knowledge to choose the correct thing.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">EARLIER YOU MENTIONED SOME AREAS WHICH HAVE CHANGED WITH THIS TRANSITION, WE TALKED ABOUT FASHIONS, AND CAN YOU GIVE US SOME EXAMPLES FOR OTHER THINGS?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Especially in media, today we see that some programme presenters are not familiar with their mother tongue. They have modified our Sinhala language and talk by using a new language which themselves have named it “<i>Singlish.” </i> And some music programmes also telecast some western songs with visuals which are not suitable to our country so children watch those things and begin to imitate the people that they see in the media. Another important factor that I like to mention is that mobile phones. Now even small children use phones. Most of the times they use phones for wrong things, parents also let them use phones. So as a result of that they go extreme. And especially I don’t like sms voting systems. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">OK, CAN YOU TELL ME ABOUT THE IDEAS OF YOUR COLLEAGUES ON THIS NEW TRANSITION?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">They consider this transition as a good thing. I think that most of my friends are positive thinkers. They say that we should move with the new transition but try to avoid from the things which corrupt the society.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">YOU TOLD THAT WE SHOULD AVOID FROM THE THINGS WHICH CORRUPT OUR SOCIETY. SO WHAT ARE THE THINGS THAT THE MEDIA CAN DO FOR THAT?</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Yes, I think that the television media can do a lot. Nowadays each and every house has a television. Human beings always think on the things which they here and which they see. So they like to watch television and if it always show good things which are suitable to our culture everyone will accept it. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">IF THE COUNTRY WII GO ON LIKE THIS, WHAT WOULD BE OUR FUTURE?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">There would be a real change in all areas. Every thing will be mechanical. For example people will do every thing like education, jobs while sitting in their houses. Life would be comfortable. But humanity will go down. Though the life will change into a comfortable way there would not be spirituality within it. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;">INTERVIEWER – 02</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NAME</u></b> KULUNU SRI BANDARA JAYATHILAKA </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>AGE</u> </b>24 YRS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>DATE OF BIRTH</u></b> 1984- 06-29</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>RELIGION</u></b> BUDDHISM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</u></b> MEDICAL STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">COLOMBO</place></city>; <place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><placetype _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">INSTITUTE</placetype> OF <placename _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">MEDICINE</placename></place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>PROFESSION</u></b> STUDENT</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>CIVIL STATUS</u></b> SINGLE</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>ADDRESS</u></b> <b> </b> NO; 45/3, <street _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">SCHOOL AVENUE</street>, RATHTHANAPITIYA, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> BORALASGAMUWA.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>TELEPHONE NUMBER</u> </b>259829</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTERVIEW [02]</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">When we think about the countries of the world there can be seen a clear difference among those countries. We can see all the countries go further with new advancement of technology. But with the concept of globalization we see that all the countries of the world go together. When we think about our country we also are able to go further with other countries with the concept of globalization. But I don’t like to consider this as a modern concept. It is because; though there were some differences can be seen in this concept, this was in the past also. There were relations among countries in the past. But media gave a new figure to this concept. And people began to know this as a concept after that.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU WATCH TELEVISION AND WHAT ARE THE PROGRAMMES THAT YOU LIKE MOST? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I usually watch news and newspaper programmes. But other programmes not usually, if I am free and if I have nothing to do I watch. I don’t like to spend my time to watch television, especially those meaningless advertisements and some programmes. I feel that those programmes just waste our time.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">NOWADAYS WE SEE TELEVISION CHANNELS INTRODUCE NUMBER OF NEW PROGRAMMES COMPETITIVELY. WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT IT?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">New programmes are ok. But there should be a limitation in everything. I think that those programmes can have good aspects as well as bad aspects. So television viewers should be able get only the good aspects of it. There are number of foreign programmes. The programmes like “Discovery” “Voice of America”, those are good. School children and university students can get a lot of information which can be useful for their studies. But some programmes corrupt our culture, and those programmes can mislead the younger generation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">YOU SAID THAT TELEVISION VIEWERS SHOULD BE ABLE TO GET THE GOOD ASPECTS OF THOSE PROGRAMMES. SO DO YOU THINK THAT EACH PERSON IN OUR SOCIETY IS ABLE TO IDENTIFY WHAT IS GOOD AND BAD? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">No I don’t believe. Comparing with other countries I feel Srilankans are short thinkers. They always believe on the short ways. What they see in media they believe. So they don’t go to argue, analyze or think on it. Therefore they can easily mislead. For example through media when they see an American or any foreigner wearing tattered denim our foolish people tore their new denims and make their ones as the ones they see in the media. The main problem I see here is that our Srilankans don’t think twice before take a decision.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT KIND OF IDEA THAT YOU HAVE ON FASHIONS AND FOOD ITEMS? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Ok, when have a look on today’s society I think that people should think about our culture before selecting a new fashion. I think the ideas on fashions always go with the level of education of the people. There are different groups of people who are doing different kinds of jobs. So some people wear according to their profession some people follow new trends. I follow both ways. I follow new trends also; I don’t mean that thinking about the culture we should wear national dress always. But before select a new fashion I keep in my mind who I am and what I am studying and do these fashions go with my field of study. Food habits also we have become too westernize. Look how many Chinese restaurants that we have I think we have more than <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">China</place></country-region>. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">OK.TODAY WE SEE THAT TELEVISION MEDIA INTRODUSES DIFFERENT TYPES OF THINGS BY ATTRACTIVE ADVERTISEMENTS. WHAT IS YOUR OPENION ON THAT?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Not bad, I think that media sells everything and the problem is our people are ready to by anything that media sells. And you have mentioned about attractive advertisements I agree with that because that attraction attacks the human mind. Human mind has created to attract what they see and hear. So media can easily sell anything. For example when they want to sell Coca-Cola product they make an advertisement by using a pretty girl with a bottle of Coca-Cola. So the viewers first get attracted to the image of the girl and next automatically get attracted to the product. Nowadays we get so many foreign products and media advertise those things and people get attract to them. So nobody can’t stop it happens. That is the reality.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">SO, WHAT KIND OF IDEA THAT YOU HAVE ON NEW PRODUCTIONS? IS IT POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Oh…neither negative nor positive. It is good that we can have numerous products. And now with the concept of globalization as I mentioned earlier any new product of one country can exchange with the other countries of the world. So if there is a way that we can get the new products that we want why we do argue on it. We should know and use new products and at the same time we should remember whether those products are ok with our culture.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DON’T YOU THINK AS A RESULT OF THAT WE’LL LOOSE OUR NATIONAL IDENTITY?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">No, not at all, if we do not have our own way of thinking, it does not harm if we use the products of other countries or else the creative people in our country should make the thing that people want. When people don’t have what they want in their country they easily attract to the things of other country and they don’t think whether it is good or bad.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU THINK THAT WE HAVE LOST OUR NATIONAL IDENTITY?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Not yet, but can be in future if we stay like this. It is not a problem which comes with the concept of globalization. The problem is within us. We do not give the correct place to our culture. We don’t think according to our own ways. We stay till the new things come and attack the minds of our people. We can get the use of new technology. I think we should be more creative. We should use natural resources of our country. For example we have rubber we export it and we import number of rubber products from foreign countries. That is why I said the problem is within us. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><shape _moz-userdefined="" fillcolor="#963" id="_x0000_i1027" strokecolor="green" style="height: 27pt; width: 228pt;" type="#_x0000_t136"><fill _moz-userdefined="" o:title="Medium wood" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" type="tile"></fill><shadow _moz-userdefined="" color="#c7dfd3" matrix="1.25,,,1.25" offset="-26pt,-36pt" on="t" opacity="52429f" origin="-.5,-.5" type="perspective"></shadow><textpath _moz-userdefined="" fitpath="t" string="PERSONAL DETAILS" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24pt;" trim="t"></textpath></shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;">INTERVIEWER – 03</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NAME</u></b> MRS: DHAMMIKA WIJERATHNE </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>AGE</u> </b>55 YRS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>DATE OF BIRTH</u></b> 1953- 06-12</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>RELIGION</u></b> BUDDHISM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NATIONALITY</u></b> SINHALA</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</u></b> DIPLOMA IN TOURISM </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>PROFESSION</u></b> ACCOUNTANT ASSISTANT [RETIRED]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>CIVIL STATUS</u></b> MARRIED.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NUMBER OF CHILDREN</u> </b>TWO CHILDREN, A SON AND A DAUGHTER<b> </b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>ADDRESS</u></b> <b> </b> NO; 33/11, <street _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"></street><br />
<address w:st="on">SCHOOL AVENUE</address>, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> RATHTHANAPITIYA, BORALASGAMUWA.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>TELEPHONE NUMBER</u> </b>2519245</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTERVIEW [03]</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;">WHAT KIND OF IDEA THAT YOU HAVE ON GLOBALIZATION?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I think with globalization we can easily communicate with other countries and we can join with other countries easily. For example to visit another country was a big task during our time. But now it is a very simple thing. Now we are facing a social transition. I think that globalization means this transition. The whole world has changed, and as a person who has the experiences in the present and the past social context I clearly see the differences which have occurred in the society.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THIS DIFFERENCE? DO YOU LIKE OR DISLIKE? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Differences are ok, but there can be seen advantages as well as disadvantages. As I mentioned earlier the things like communication, travel, and those differences are good. But at the same time there can be seen a lack of humanity in the society. And people become very busy. They don’t have time even to look at their children. Their main intention is to gain money. So they only think about earning. And as a result of that children get detach from their parents. Therefore they move with new changes in the society without having any advice from the adults. I feel that the whole society gets corrupted.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">AS A MOTHER OF A SON AND A DAUDHTER WHAT ARE THE STEPS THAT YOU HAVE TAKEN TO AVOID THIS SITUATION?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Ah! I don’t think that I could be able to do lot of things to avoid this situation. But I tried. When my children were little I and my husband worked, so all of us got together only in the evening. But during the little time that we have we talked a lot our problems. As a mother I listened to my children. They told all their matters with me. So they didn’t have anything to hide. I didn’t let them to use internet and mobile phones till they finish their A/Ls. After they have finished the exam, I thought they have enough knowledge to understand what is good and bad and I let them to move with new society. Because after having a good education they can have knowledge to understand what is good and bad. <b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></i></b> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CAN YOU HAPPY ABOUT YOUR CHILDREN? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Of course, I can happy about them.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT KIND OF IDEA THAT YOU HAVE ABOUT THE YOUNGER GENERATION TODAY? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">It is the pathetic situation of this transition. There can be seen a big difference between the youths in the present and the past. Today’s generation follows new ways and they have forgotten our culture. They even don’t know to wear according to our culture. They can’t be a minute without a mobile phone. Now even a little child knows to use internet. We know that internet can give knowledge but at the same time if we misuse it, it would be a disadvantage. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><shape _moz-userdefined="" id="_x0000_s1028" o:allowoverlap="f" style="height: 113.25pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 135pt; margin-top: 6.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 171pt; z-index: -6;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata _moz-userdefined="" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.png"></imagedata><wrap _moz-userdefined="" side="right"></wrap></shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE ROLE PLAY BY THE TELEVISION MEDIA IN RELATION TO THE ABOVE FACTS?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Television can give us knowledge and entertainment, but at the same time it can mislead the younger generation. It is good for the people who can understand what is good and bad. Sometimes we can’t watch the things that they wear. For example we see some beauty queen contests; we can’t watch those programmes with our children. And think about the teledramas, which telecast on the whole week all those teledramas show how the family relationships break down and some meaningless things. I think that the television has modernized our culture. But I like to mention one thing which telecast in television channels. It is that the programmes on religion. Those programmes got attraction of younger generation. I like that.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">SO DO YOU BELIEVE THAT TELEVISION CAN CHANGE THE <street _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">SOCIETY IN A GOOD WAY</street>?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Of course, it can. But it does not do it in a proper way. As an audible and visual media it can change the society in a good way and it can affects the attitudes of the people. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU THINK THAT WE HAVE PROTECTED THE THINGS OF OUR OWN [National Identity] WITH THIS TRANSITION?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Not at all, still we are trying. But with this transition it would be difficult. I think that we should be developed with the new findings. But at the same time we should keep our</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> roots in <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</place></country-region>. And we should not loose our humanity. If we do like this we can have a hope on the younger generation and our national identity. Otherwise we will loose both. And I we do not take correct steps for that we cannot stop it happening. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><shape _moz-userdefined="" fillcolor="#963" id="_x0000_i1028" strokecolor="green" style="height: 27pt; width: 228pt;" type="#_x0000_t136"><fill _moz-userdefined="" o:title="Medium wood" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" type="tile"></fill><shadow _moz-userdefined="" color="#c7dfd3" matrix="1.25,,,1.25" offset="-26pt,-36pt" on="t" opacity="52429f" origin="-.5,-.5" type="perspective"></shadow><textpath _moz-userdefined="" fitpath="t" string="PERSONAL DETAILS" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24pt;" trim="t"></textpath></shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;">INTERVIEWER – 04</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NAME</u></b> MRS: W.T.S. KUSUM KUMARI </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>AGE</u> </b>37 YRS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>DATE OF BIRTH</u></b> 1971- 01-07</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>RELIGION</u></b> BUDDHISM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NATIONALITY</u></b> SINHALA</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</u></b> STUDIED UP TO GRADE EIGHT</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>PROFESSION</u></b> HOUSEWIFE</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>CIVIL STATUS</u></b> MARRIED.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NUMBER OF CHILDREN</u> </b>ONE DAUGHTER<b> </b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>ADDRESS</u></b> <b> </b> NO; 2B, <street _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"></street><br />
<address w:st="on">G.H. PERERA AVENUE</address>, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> RATHTHANAPITIYA, BORALASGAMUWA.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>TELEPHONE NUMBER</u> </b>0715334562</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTERVIEW [04]</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES THAT YOU CAN SEE BETWEEN THE PRESENT AND THE PAST?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b>Number of differences, every thing has changed. Now we have computers, mobile phones and the equipments that we are using for household activities are really different. Today we can have gas cookers, ovens, washing machines…during our time we communicate with the people who are living in long distances by using letters but today we can use phones, faxes…</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">SO DO YOU LIKE THAT DIFFERENCE? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Of course I like. Now every thing is easy, and as a housewife I can do my works very easily. But one thing to say, to use all those new things we want money. Today the cost of living is so high. Comparing with the time of our parents they use fire instead of gas. They wash their clothes by themselves and they didn’t have washing machines. So though we say that these new things make our work more easy, I feel that comparing with the extra money that we have to spend for these new things, it is like an extra burden for us. We earned a lot and spend all to live happily, but our parents they didn’t run after money like us. But having little things they also live happily. Sometime I feel they were happier than us.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU THINK THESE NEW THINGS AFFECT OUR CULTURE? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Ah…I don’t think so, there were and there are changes. Some changes may affect the culture and some may not. I think it depends on the way that the people think. If we misuse any good thing it can affect us in a bad way.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">OK, IF I SAY THAT NEW FASHION, NEW FOOD ITEMS, AND THE THINGS LIKE THAT AFFECT OUR CULTURE? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Oh no I don’t think so. If we take fashions, it is true that many people say that today young people are wearing things which are not suitable to our country and those people are imitate westerners. It is correct but not totally correct. Because it is wrong that if we say all these changes happen only today. As I told you earlier people in the past also followed new fashions, they wore short frocks [<i>mini frocks</i>], sleeveless blouses in the past. Those items came from foreign countries especially with bollywood films. Then people began to follow the fashion of the actors and actresses in the silver screen. So the changes of fashions are not a new thing.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">YOU TALK ABOUT THE FILM MEDIA WHICH BROUGHT SOME CHANGES IN LIFE STYLES; NOWADAYS WE HAVE TELEVISION MEDIA WHICH BECAME MORE CLOSE TO OUR LIVES. HOW FAR YOU ARE FAMILIER WITH TELEVISION MEDIA?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I watch many programmes especially the programmes like “Nuga Sewana.” In those programmes also I like discussions with doctors, because we can learn how to avoid from some illnesses by doing some treatments at home. Anyway I think that we can learn a lot with television media. As a housewife most of time I have to spend at home. Therefore the things happening around the world I learn with television.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU THINK THAT ALL THE PROGRAMMES SUPPLY <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">US</place></country-region> KNOWLEDGE AND ENTERTAINMENT? OR IS THERE ANY PROGRAMME THAT YOU DON’T LIKE TO WATCH?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I don’t like to watch new teledramas, especially Indian teledramas. Main reason is that I don’t like to let my child to watch those things. Those teledramas don’t give us any message except make us more aggressive and hatred. If I feel any programme is not good for children I don’t watch it because of my child.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">OK, NOWADAYS WITH TV ADDVERTISEMENTS WE GET TO KNOW ABOUT DIFFERENT FOOD ITEMS [LOCAL AND FOREIGN] WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT IT?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Though we watch those advertisements though different food items come though those foods are tastier we don’t use them. But we watch those advertisements just for entertainment. We don’t eat them and I don’t give them to my child. Even though we are in <city _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Colombo</place></city> now, we are village people. We ate village foods and we know how much those foods are good for our health. So we don’t get attracted to new instead meals and we should control our minds without getting attracted to them. I feel that people get more diseases today more than past due to these new foods. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> AS A MOTHER, WHEN YOU COMPARE THE ATTITUDES OF THE OTHER PARENTS WHAT DO YOU FEEL? IS THERE A DIFFERENCE THE WAY YOU THINK AND THE WAY THEY THINK?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b>Totally different, because they follow all the new ways, once they asked me to change the school of my child; to an international school. I didn’t like. Those schools don’t teach any discipline. I think our younger generation gets corrupted because of those schools. I want my child to learn Sinhala language well. My child is only four years and still having nursery education, but to that little age she has learned to respect adults and parents. She has a fair knowledge on religion. So I am happy about it.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHEN I DISCUSSED WITH YOU I FELT THAT THOUGH THE SOCIETY HAS CHANGED YOU DIDN’T CHANGE YOUR LIFE. BUT IF WE TAKE THESE NEW CHANGES AS A CERTAIN DEVELOPMENT DON’T YOU FEEL THAT WE SHOULD DEVELOP? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Of course we should develop. We are developing. But we do not go extreme. There is a limitation for everything. Though new items come though other people follow then I think that there is no need to follow all those things. I don’t want my child be like that. Another thing is that all those new things just waste our money. Sometimes I feel these new things as a disturbance, because it is very difficult to be without getting attracted to those things. It is true that those things make easy our work but even in the past without having those new things our parents did their works. I don’t know whether it is correct or wrong but it is my way of thinking. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><shape _moz-userdefined="" fillcolor="#963" id="_x0000_i1029" strokecolor="green" style="height: 27pt; width: 228pt;" type="#_x0000_t136"><fill _moz-userdefined="" o:title="Medium wood" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" type="tile"></fill><shadow _moz-userdefined="" color="#c7dfd3" matrix="1.25,,,1.25" offset="-26pt,-36pt" on="t" opacity="52429f" origin="-.5,-.5" type="perspective"></shadow><textpath _moz-userdefined="" fitpath="t" string="PERSONAL DETAILS" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24pt;" trim="t"></textpath></shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><shape _moz-userdefined="" id="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 102.5pt; margin-left: 324pt; margin-top: 12.45pt; position: absolute; width: 108pt; z-index: -5;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata _moz-userdefined="" o:title="j0292020" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.wmz"></imagedata><wrap _moz-userdefined="" side="right"></wrap></shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;">INTERVIEWER – 05 </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NAME</u></b> T.H. GAYAN SANDIKA</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>AGE</u> </b>29 YRS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>DATE OF BIRTH</u></b> 1978-10-12</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>RELIGION</u></b> BUDDHISM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NATIONALITY</u></b> SINHALA</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</u></b> GRADUATED WITH A DEGREE OF PRODUCTION </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> ENGINEERING.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>PROFESSION</u></b> PRODUCTION ENGINEER</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>CIVIL STATUS</u></b> SINGLE.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>ADDRESS</u></b> <b> </b> ORANGE ELECTRIC SYSTEM (PVT) LTD, NO: 34, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <street _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"></street><br />
<address w:st="on">LAKE ROAD</address>, BORALASGAMUWA.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>TELEPHONE NUMBER</u> </b>0773832390</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTERVIEW [05]</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">AS AN ENGINEER HOW DO YOU SEE THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I think that this concept has turned the huge world into a small village where the people can communicate and build up relationships easily. And this concept becomes more effective due to vast development of communication. Through communication the concept of globalization became familiar with people. The rapid advancement of science and technology spread among all the countries of the world. As a result of this concept people in different countries began to run after common necessities. So this concept brought new relationships for each independent country. At the same time we should aware with the fact that there are both good and bad aspect of this concept. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">HOW DO YOU GET FAMILIER WITH THIS CONCEPT AND WHEN?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">When I was doing my O/L exams I got familiar with this concept and it is mainly with newspapers, media especially television and with school education.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU THINK THIS CONCEPT CAN AFFECT THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Why not, this can severely affect. Due to this concept the social needs of the people increase. People want get satisfied with what they have in their own countries they always look for something else. Then there can be seen western influence as well as cultural interactions. With the above two factors people try to imitate the culture of other countries. This cultural imitation can affect the culture of their countries. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">CAN YOU PLEASE EXPLAIN A LITTLE THE LAST FACT ON CULTURAL IMITATION? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Ok, as I mentioned above, with globalization countries get close and people in different countries try to study the traditions and cultures of other countries. And they normally study the countries which play major roles in the process of globalization. So when they go to study they naturally get adapt to cultures which they study. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE ROLE PLAYS BY TELEVISION MEDIA IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">This media play a major role. People get whatever good and bad through especially TV media. But it also makes programmes according to the needs of the people. So whatever people like and need it show. The problem is that the media do not consider whether those programmes are good or bad. With these television programmes people begin to compare the programmes and the things they see in other countries with the programmes of our countries. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WITH THIS NEW CHANGE IT IS VERY CLEAR THAT EACH AND EVERY THING OF THE WORLD RAPIDLY CHANGE? WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT CHANGING FASHIONS?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Fashions are seasonal. Globalization promotes a consumer society rather than a producing society. When we have more interactions with other countries we get attract with fashions and different things of other countries. It naturally happens. And sometimes people like to follow some famous characters in the world. They like to imitate their fashions. Normally people follow fashions according to their level of education and according to new trends.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE WAYS THAT THE YOUTHS IN OUR COUNTRY FOLLOW FASHIONS? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Nowadays we see many youths doing fashions only thinking about new trends. It really affects our culture. Media bring most of these new trends. Now the people even in rural villages have forgotten their own ways of dressing. But with this rapid transition it is really difficult to avoid such a situation. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">OK IF WE MOVE TO THE FOOD HABITS WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES THAT CAN YOU SEE AND WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT IT? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Ah! Food habits now people have moved to fast and instant foods. This can be due to the limited time that they have. In urban areas we see that people like go for dinner outs. Today we have McDonalds, KFC… places like that where we can go and eat something different rather than the food items that we eat at homes. It is true that there can be side effects but comparing with the limited time that the people have we can’t say that they are wrong.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">IF WE TALK ON OUR NATIONAL IDENTITY COMPARING WITH THESE RAPID CHANGES, WHAT DO YOU FEEL?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Yes, we still have our national identity. But the loosing trend of it increases day by day. And if people continue on following these new trends more and more, there would not be a national identity in future. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WAIT, I WANT TO ADD SOMETHING, CAN YOU BIT TALK ABOUT OTHER COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY ASIAN, WHICH ARE UNDER THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION? DO THOSE COUNTRIES HAVE THE SAME PROBLEM? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Not all the countries but some countries are like <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</place></country-region>. But if we take a country like <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">India</place></country-region> though they are influenced by western culture they do not adapt it too fast as Sri Lankans. If I say what happened to Srilankans in brief, “We have throne the baby water with the baby” </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU THINK; ALL THESE CHANGES WILL CHANGE EVERY NOOK AND CORNER OF <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">SRI LANKA</place></country-region>?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Of course it will definitely happen and we can’t stop it happening. Even now 50% of it has happened. In future there will be more shopping moles, food cities, McDonalds and KFC s in rural villages. It is true that these things will loose the natural beauty of the village. In past people find all there basic needs from their villages. But when they have many new things they can’t get satisfy with the things that they have in villages. But these differences naturally happen and nobody wants to stop it. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">ACCORDING TO YOUR VIEW OF THINKING HOW WOULD BE SRILANKA IN FUTURE?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">We’ll loose our Srilankan heritage and there would be a mixed culture. Family units will change. Now we have small families. There are only one or two children in each family and furthermore instead of stable marriages there would be living together. And the relationships between parents and children and children and grand parents will loose. Living standards would change and people will have common expectations and common problems. There would be a real change. Some will adapt it and some will not but nobody can’t stop it. </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"> <shape _moz-userdefined="" fillcolor="#963" id="_x0000_i1030" strokecolor="green" style="height: 27pt; width: 228pt;" type="#_x0000_t136"><fill _moz-userdefined="" o:title="Medium wood" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" type="tile"></fill><shadow _moz-userdefined="" color="#c7dfd3" matrix="1.25,,,1.25" offset="-26pt,-36pt" on="t" opacity="52429f" origin="-.5,-.5" type="perspective"></shadow><textpath _moz-userdefined="" fitpath="t" string="PERSONAL DETAILS" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24pt;" trim="t"></textpath></shape></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;">INTERVIEWER – 06</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NAME</u></b> MRS: RAMEEZA HUSSEIN </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>AGE</u> </b>56 YRS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>DATE OF BIRTH</u></b> 1952- 09-09</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>RELIGION</u></b> MUSLIM </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NATIONALITY</u></b> MUSLIM</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</u></b> UPON LEVEL</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>PROFESSION</u></b> HOUSEWIFE</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>CIVIL STATUS</u></b> MARRIED.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>NUMBER OF CHILDREN</u> </b>THREE CHILDREN<b> </b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>ADDRESS</u></b> <b> </b> NO: 121/1, <street _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"></street><br />
<address w:st="on">CAMPUS ROAD</address>, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> RATHTHANAPITIYA, BORALASGAMUWA.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><u>TELEPHONE NUMBER</u> </b>_</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTERVIEW [06]</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">YOU MIGHT HAVE GOOD EXPERIENCES, AS A PERSON WHO CAN REPRESENT TWO GENERATIONS. SO WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES THAT YOU SEE BETWEEN THE PRESENT AND THE PAST? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Number of differences, the society has really changed. Now we have lots of facilities. We can do anything easily and as a housewife I can do all my household duties very easily with the help of new equipment. Our religion also developed a lot. We can easily go to the other countries especially Arabic countries and join with other Muslim people. And also we can communicate easily with other people. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">IF I SAY YOU LIKE THAT CHANGE, AM I CORRECT?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">No, not all the changes it is true that I like some changes in the society. But due to some changes people have forgotten all their good qualities. The way they think has changed. They have become very busy and some people have forgotten even their religion. They don’t even have time to do their daily rituals. I don’t like it. From our childhood we learn everything according to our religion. I think even today Muslims have not changed a lot with these new ways. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU THINK THAT PEOPLE OF OTHER RELIGIONS HAVE CHANGED A LOT WITH NEW SOCIETY RATHER THAN MUSLIMS?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Of course, according to our religion we have number of rules and regulations. And most of our people accept them. But in other religions though they have rules there cannot be seen that they are accepting those rules. If we take the way they dress today young girls and boy wear whatever they like. Some clothe items are really indecent and can’t even look at them. But for us, for our children we have our own way of dressing. We can’t change it and it is a very decent dress especially for girls. Another thing we stop all our works, even if we have some special thing to do we stop every thing when we are having our poojas. But it is rarely can notice among other people. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">IT IS CLEAR THE FACT THAT OUR SOCIETY IS CHANGING RAPIDLY. IN A CHANGING SOCIETY LIKE THIS, DO YOU LIKE TO CONTINUE THE TRADITIONAL WAYS?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Yes, when think on the today’s differences I feel that our traditional ways are better because, everything changes and people follow all the changes without having any limitation. It is good if we take only the good aspects of it. But people are unable to do it and everyone cannot understand what is good and bad. So I prefer traditional ways.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DO YOU WATCH TELEVISION? WHAT ARE THE PROGRAMMES THAT YOU LIKE MOST?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">I like to watch all the morning programmes which are for women. We can learn a lot about diseases and illnesses and how to prevent from them, and I especially like to watch about the things like designing<b>, </b>patchworks<b> </b>paintings<b> </b>etc<b>. </b>not<b> </b>only<b> </b>those<b> </b>programmes I like to watch teledramas both Tamil and Sinhala.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE FASHIONS THAT YOU SEE IN TV MEDIA? </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">We are against for those things. We don’t watch those programmes and when my children were little I didn’t let them to watch those things.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">DON’T YOU LIKE NEW FOOD ITEMS? AND TODAY WE HAVE NUMBER OF NEW SHOPS LIKE FOOD CITIES, MCDONALDS …WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THOSE THINGS?</span></i></b>I am not familiar with those places. I feel that those instant foods and all just increase illnesses. I don’t like to spend my money to buy those things. Some food items contain more fat and some foods contain more artificial things rather than natural things. I only get to know about those things with TV media; TV advertisements. Though I get to know many things with TV adds I don’t feel to use those things. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">HOW DO YOUR CHILDREN REACT TO THIS CHANGE?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">The way they look at the world is bit different. I am happy that they haven’t changed the way of dressing. But they always think about money. They want to be more and more rich. They like to most of new food items. They seem to be very busy always and don’t even have rime to talk with us. But they also haven’t changed our traditions. They respect those traditions and continue on practicing. But it they go on like this I can’t imagine how would be the time of my grand children.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">EVEN AMONG MUSLIMS I HAVE SEEN SOME HAVE FORGOTTEN THEIR OWN WAYS AND DO EVERYTHING ACCORDING TO MODERN WAYS? AM I CORRECT?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Yes, because there are different categories of Muslims. But we are against them. But we can’t stop the way that people think and people change their lifestyles with new changes. I myself try to prevent from the things which are not good to our religion as well as our country. But how can we tell others to do like that and also I don’t like to blame the people who follow the new ways. I am against them that’s all. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">COMPARING YOUR LIFE WITH THE LIFE OF YOUR CHILDREN WHAT DO YOU FEEL?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">They are more educated than us and they have many facilities than our time. But I feel that the happiness we had is not there. They become very busy and they don’t have time to maintain their relationships. Sometimes like ah …once a month they go for dinner outs with children. And some times they go for places like Leisure World. But I don’t feel that they can gain much more happiness by doing those things. During our time though we were not well educated and though there were not created places like that to go, there was a good relationship between parents and children as well as husband and wife. We didn’t want more money and we got satisfied with what we have. So I feel our time was better than the time of our children. But I don’t know how my children feel about it. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH_rcqIS3y1McSaB1y69ViUtjolai7rGSWdpSnZLv1-IMkqh2e1FWMZRpZd7LcyWyEeu0nI66Z1Hd8Tq091AnsUFWuHw-lOWhQ5NJJ9I2vnw3flpiUeBCd11lWikNRdjq54tjtq1HBt1Pv/s1600/%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH_rcqIS3y1McSaB1y69ViUtjolai7rGSWdpSnZLv1-IMkqh2e1FWMZRpZd7LcyWyEeu0nI66Z1Hd8Tq091AnsUFWuHw-lOWhQ5NJJ9I2vnw3flpiUeBCd11lWikNRdjq54tjtq1HBt1Pv/s200/%253D%253D%253D%253D.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><shape _moz-userdefined="" id="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 113.75pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 333pt; margin-top: 44.05pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 117pt; z-index: 1;" type="#_x0000_t75"><imagedata _moz-userdefined="" o:title="j0234657" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.wmz"></imagedata><wrap _moz-userdefined="" side="right"></wrap></shape><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><shape _moz-userdefined="" fillcolor="#630" id="_x0000_i1031" strokecolor="green" style="height: 27pt; width: 192.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t136"><fill _moz-userdefined="" o:title="Brown marble" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.jpg" type="tile"></fill><shadow _moz-userdefined="" color="#c7dfd3" matrix="1.25,,,1.25" offset="-26pt,-36pt" on="t" opacity="52429f" origin="-.5,-.5" type="perspective"></shadow><textpath _moz-userdefined="" fitpath="t" string="FINAL ANALYSIS" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24pt;" trim="t"></textpath></shape></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></b>ccording to the different ideas of the six people who represent different classes of the society, there can have certain ideas on what is globalization, how does it affect to the culture and national identity and role of television media in relation to the concept of globalization. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> After considering the views of those six people it is clear, the fact that globalization is a struggle to create a new world or a new social order where each and every country can communicate with other countries and build up relationships. This was not a new concept. But with the rapid advancement of communication people got to know and people began to feel what globalization is. According to the above interviews it was clear the fact that people in general are aware with this new transition and they feel it.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Nowadays this concept becomes more popular due to television media. Television can be considered as most popular and most common media among the people in general. According to the ideas of the people it was clear the fact that people are too familiar with television media. There are time consuming seekers as well as noontime consuming seekers of television. As they said most of them get to know all the new things like fashions, food items and cultural practices with television media. Furthermore as a visual and audible media people get attracted this more than other media. This situation can be identified with the theories of communication. If we take the theory of gratification it explains how individuals use mass media to gratify their needs and underlying the motives of individuals. People get a certain satisfaction and a pleasure by watching television. According to this theory Mcquail, J.Blumer and J. Brown define four major categories of need which the media serve to gratify. They are Diversion, Personal relationships, Personal identity and Surveillance. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Today people are very busy and they are too depressed with work. So to escape from constraints of routine, burdens of problems and to gain an emotional relief they watch television. This is what the above theorists mention as diversion. If we take surveillance, it talks about need for information because media provides us information. So people get attracted with media and they get certain satisfaction, pleasure and an emotional relief with television. When they are getting attracted to television media they may get both good and bad aspects of it, and as a result of that they get corrupt unknowingly. When they are getting attracted to media they naturally adopt whatever good and bad.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> This attraction makes people have common beliefs and attitudes. This situation can be seen through the theory of cultivation by George Gerbner. According to it mass media has subtle effects on audiences who unknowingly absorb the dominants, symbols, images and messages. Furthermore George Gerbner says that according to this theory, a long persistence exposure to television is capable of cultivating common beliefs, views roles and values on the world. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Globalization brought a new transition and people become familiar with it through media, especially through television media. This transition makes people have common beliefs, attitudes, values, feelings and needs. These things also have both good as well as bad aspects. All the above interviewers agreed with it and another fact that they agreed was that all these bad aspects directly affect our culture. And as a result of that Srilankan culture got modified. And today we can see clearly the western influence on Srilankan culture. Not only that, this situation began to affect our national identity. This is the pathetic situation of this social transition. People who represent different classes of the society argue on it, but those things remain only as arguments and nobody goes to make this situation correct. The above interviewers said that the loosing trend of national identity increases day by day. Srilankans get attract to other cultures easily, especially to western culture. So in future there can be seen more and more differences in family institutions, living styles, cultural practices, way of speaking and dressing. So in future Srilankans getting lost in their own culture and they will loose their own roots. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> According to my survey, I felt that middle age people who have experiences on both present and the past mostly get lost in this situation. They see the advantages as well as disadvantages of modern facilities. So they are afraid to be familiar with modern world. They always compare present with past. Youths got familiar with the present situation. Though they see the disadvantages they cannot get rid of it because all those modern changes are interconnected with their life styles. They cannot do their work without it. Therefore they like to go further with the changes which are creating by globalization. But the side effect is that we are loosing our culture as well as national identity.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> Though this situation is a result of globalization the fault is within us because the way that we apply those changes has made this situation. Otherwise globalization can create, rebuild modify and transform a society. But each and every country should know the correct way of adapting it. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">As a conclusion to rebuild the society while getting only the good aspects of globalization, I think that there should be a firm system of mass media. As I mentioned earlier people are familiar with it and people getting attracted to it. So mass media especially the television media can change our country only with the good effects of it. There also we can get the use of some theories of communication like Personal Influence Theory, where opinion leaders who are with day today personal contacts can influence the people’s matters and decisions. And also theories like social learning theory which can have an attitude change, behavioral and structural change. Not only these theories, we can get the use many other theories of communication like the earlier mentioned theories such as Gratification theory, Cultivation theory and so on.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Present <country-region _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on"><place _moz-userdefined="" w:st="on">Sri Lanka</place></country-region> should be changed, should protect its culture and national identity while developing and modifying with the changes of <b><i>Globalization</i></b><i>.</i> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <shape _moz-userdefined="" id="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 7.5pt; width: 6in;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <imagedata _moz-userdefined="" o:title="BD14768_" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMaya%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.gif"></imagedata></shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </div>Kavindi Gamagehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04915688880646102904noreply@blogger.com1